Radiation protection from

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Standards for Radiation Protection, from... 

The cardinal principles of radiation protection from external radiation sources are governed by four factors time, distance, shielding, and activity. 

Radiation. Protection from radiation hazards are based on minimizing the time of exposure and maximizing both distance from the source and the amount of shielding. The instruments used will depend on the type of radiation. 

The equipment in treatment systems for solid, liquid and gaseous radioactive waste may contain radioactive material in high concentrations, and radiation protection from this material should be provided for site personnel. An estimate should be made of the expected radionuclide content in treated waste, and of the consequent maximum radiation level that can arise in each area of the waste treatment system. Consideration should be given to the sources that give rise to the highest radiation levels (such as ion exchange... 

Operations involving heat may also involve optical radiation. Protection from both hazards shall also be provided. 

Although the presented results prove the efficiency of radioscopy, this system have certain characteristics which justify to develop and employ further process integrated testing systems. One of this characteristics is that the integration of radioscopy in industrial applications is doubtful because of reasons of radiation protection. This means, that the results from radioscopy should rather be used to fit other systems (acoustic emission analysis or temperature analysis) for industrial applications. 

The paper presents the results from systematic comparisons of contrast and resolution obtained with different types of radiation sources on steel thicknesses from 5 to 40 mm. These results have been taken into account with the definitions of the European standard for radiographic inspection of weldments (EN 1435) that is approved since 1997. Conclusions from practical investigations on pipe line sites, in petrochcemical plants and in nuclear power stations will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the presentation will stipulate a variety of advantages obtained from the new source in terras of coUimation and radiation protection. 

Safety Standards. Protection from laser beams involves not allowing laser radiation at a level higher than a maximum permissible exposure level to strike the human body. Maximum permissible exposure levels for both eyes and skin have been defined (55—57). One of the most common safety measures is the use of protective eyewear. Manufacturers of laser safety eyewear commonly specify the attenuation at various laser wavelengths. Under some conditions safety eyewear has been known to shatter or to be burned through (58), and it is not adequate to protect a wearer staring directly into the beam. 

U.S. radiation protection guidelines are estabHshed by the National CouncH on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) and are based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The National Research CouncH also sponsors a report from its advisory committee on the biological effects of ionizing radiations (20). 

The cooling air temperature should be measured by several thermometers placed it different points around and halfway tip the motor, at a distance of 1-2 m and protected from heat radiation and dratights. The value to be adopted for the temperature of the cooling air or gas during a test should be the mean of the readings of the thermometers placed as mentioned above, taken at eqtial time intervals during the last quarter of the duration of the test. 

Vk, Vk2 and Vk (W. when considering the outdoor part) can thus be determined. The total heal, Vk, so generated can be naturally dissipated through the enclosure by radiation and convection. If natural cooling is not adequate, forced cooling can be adopted through forced air or water. But precautions must be taken to ensure that the system is protected from absorbing dirt, dust or moisture from the atmosphere. 

To give additional protection from thermal radiation from any cylinder stack fire the minimum separation distance to any nearby building housing a vulnerable population should, for quantities >400 kg, be 8 m or as in Table 9.1 7, column 3, whichever is the greater. This may be reduced to those in Table 9.17, column 4, by the installation of fire-resisting separation or a fire wall. 

L 58 Approved Code of Practice - The Protection of persons against ionizing radiation ansmg from any work... 

If an accident occurs, people are protected from radiation by materials, distance., nnd limited exposure times. 

From the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, "Recommendations on Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation," NCRP report No. 91, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Bethesda, MD, June 1987. 

The air Temperature senaor shall be offeccivcly protected from -my effects of thermal radiation cxmiing from hot or C(>ld walls. 

Deals with issues that affect the quality of our air and protection from exposure to harmful radiation. OAR de >el-ops national programs, technical policies, and regulations for controlling air pollution and radiation exposure. Areas of concern to OAR include indoor and outdoor air quality, stationaiy and mobile sources of air pollution, radon, acid rain, stratospheric ozone depletion, radiation protection, and pollution prevention. 

Strahlen-pilz, m. actinomyces. -schutz, m. protection from radiation, protective screen, -sonne, /. Biol.) astrosphere. -stein, m. = Strahlstein. -werfen, n. radiation. 

For process water, steel pipes are used unless iron pickup is to be minimized. Plastic pipes (polyethylene and polyvinylchloride) are used but they sometimes need external protection from solvents present in industrial atmospheres, ultraviolet radiation (including sunlight), freezing and mechanical damage. 

SASPs comprise about 10-20% of the protein in the dormant spore, exist in two forms alfi and y) d are degraded during germination. They are essential for expression of spore resistance to ultraviolet radiation and also appear to be involved in resistance to some biocides, e.g. hydrogen peroxide. Spores (a /3 ) deficient in a//3-type SASPs are much more peroxide-sensitive than are wild-type (normal) spores. It has been proposed that in wild-type spores DNA is saturated with a/j3-type SASPs and is thus protected from free radical damage. 

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