Basic Safety Principles

Borcsok, J. 2007. Functional Safety—Basic Principles of Safety-related Systems. Heidelberg Huthig. 

The treatment of these issues will be discussed jointly with the health, safety and environment (HSE) departments within the company and with the process and facilities engineers, and their treatment should be designed in conjunction with an environmental impact assessment. Some of the important basic principles for waste management are to ... 

A more recent concept which could have significant impact on future designs is that of inherent safety (12). This basic principle states that what is not there cannot be blown up or leak into the environment. Thus, the idea is to avoid the hazard in the first place. 

This chapter describes the basic principles and procedures for the evaluation of overpressure potential in plant equipment, and for the selection, design and specification of appropriate pressure relieving facilities. The design of closed safety valves and flare headers is included in this chapter, but blowdown drums and flares are covered separately. To properly discuss this subject, the reader should become familiar with the following terminology. 

Vaporization and diffusion of flammable or toxic liquids or gases is a primary consideration with distillation, evaporation, extraction, and absorption operations. The basic principle of safety for tliese unit operations is contaimnent of the materials witliin the system. These operations should be conducted outdoors whenever possible. In tliis way, any accidental release of flammable or... 

While quality was formerly achieved by inspection of final products, it is accomplished now by prevention through controlling critical steps in the production processes along the agri-food chain. Hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) represent a typical example of such a preventive approach. Although this concept was developed primarily to assure food safety, the basic principle is also applicable to assuring non-safety quality attributes such as color, flavor, and nutritional value. " This section translates the HACCP principles into a critical quality control point (CQP) concept that can be part of a system to assure food quality. 

Inherent safety has first widely expressed in the late 1970 s by Trevor Kletz. The basic principles are common sense and include avoiding the use of hazardous materials, minimising the inventories of hazardous materials and aiming for simpler processes with more bening and moderate process alternatives (Kletz, 1984). 

Kletz (1984,1991) has given Basic Principles of Inherent Safety as follows ... 

The formation of inherent safety indices is based on the following principles (Fig.5) The basic principles of inherent safety (Chapter 6.1) are first described as parameters (Table 5). Most important of these parameters have been selected to be implemented as inherent safety subindices. 

From Table 6 it can be seen how the selected parameters have a connection to the basic principles of inherent safety. For instance the subindices of equipment safety and safe process structure contain several characteristics of inherent safety such as limitation of effects or tolerance to maloperation. It is practical to include several characteristics into few parameters, since the inherent safety principles are both very broad and overlapping. The philosophy behind them cannot be described just by one process parameter. The selected parameters are discussed in more detail on the following pages. 

Nuclear power facility safety, 77 531-561 assessment of, 77 538-542 basic principles of, 77 533-536 characteristics of, 7 7 542-551 design of, 77 536-542 first barrier in, 7 7 536-537 fourth barrier in, 77 538 future of, 77 554-557 operational, 77 538 radiation exposure and health standards, 77 551-554 second barrier in, 7 7 537 third barrier in, 77 537-538 Nuclear power plants... 

It should be kept in mind that there are a number of common mistakes (in both the design and conduct of studies and in how information from studies is used) that have led to unfortunate results, ranging from losses in time and money and the discarding of perfectly good potential products to serious threats to people s health. Such outcomes are indeed the great disasters in product safety assessment, especially since many of them are avoidable if attention is paid to a few basic principles. 

Basic Principles for Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Cellular and Gene Therapies. For biotechnology-derived products in general... 

Basic principles have been reviewed and a set of methods provided for statistical handling of data, the remainder of this chapter will address the practical aspects and difficulties encountered in working in safety assessment. 

Hoffmann, W. (2000). "The Basic Principles of Thermal Process Safety Towards a Better Communication Between Safety Experts and Process Chemists." Process Chem. Pharm. Ind., 389-408. 

The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) has undertaken a project to harmonize approaches to the assessment of risk from exposure to chemicals through increased understanding. The project focuses on specific issues and attempts to achieve agreement on basic principles. Among the project s focus areas are exposure assessment and terminology for exposure assessment and risk assessment. The status for the activities of the harmonization project is published in a newsletter (WHO/IPCS 2007). 

Good Laboratory Practice is a qnahty system concerned with the organisation of the test facility and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported. This is the GLP Decalogue stating the basic principles that the laboratory must follow. 

In addition to the importance of combustion reactors in chemical processes, mcon-troUed combustion reactions create the greatest potential safety hazard in the chemical industry. Therefore, all chemical engineers need to understand the basic principles of combustion reactors to recognize the need for their proper management and to see how improper management of combustion can cause unacceptable disasters. 

As a general observation, the author s interactions with companies have led to the impression that there is a great deal of mystique associated with regulatory authorities by some companies. Every possible issue and detail are hyper-analyzed by those companies and what can be quite minor issues are invested with a significance out of proportion to their actual importance. What is important to assessors is that the development program of a specific product is logical, scientifically robust, and appropriate to the indication and patient population in question. Submission documents should be explicit, concise, and to the point with all the important issues addressed. Any omissions or deficiencies should be addressed and a robust justification for any deviations from the relevant guidelines should be provided. If these very basic principles are followed, applicants should not encounter problems with their submissions, provided, of course, the product is fit for purpose and has been proven to be of acceptable quality, safety, and efficacy. 

Radioactive waste management is a quite mature field of application of basic geoscientific disciplines. As we will discuss in forthcoming sections, the long-term performance and henceforth the safety of radioactive waste disposal systems, deeply relies on the basic principles that control the release, mobility, and transport of the chemical elements in the geosphere. In the context of radioactive waste disposal, the waste matrix constitutes the innermost of the barriers that may control the release and ulterior transport of radionuclides through the ground-water systems. 

Owing to safety aspects, apparatus is much more restricted than mechanical machines in plants. Construction and manufacturing of machines are widely unrestricted if basic principles, fixed, for example, in national regulation collections such as the German VDMA-Einheitsblatter are considered. 

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