Behavioral-based safety management principles

We are motivated by consequences, however, so let s consider certain benefits you can expect to gain from a successful behavior-based safety management process as reviewed in this chapter. Since most injuries are caused in part by at-risk behavior, a reduction in at-risk behavior and an increase in safe behavior will lead to injury prevention. However, we d like you to consider five other benefits that result from people contributing interdependently to an effective behavior-based safety process. These outcomes are critically important and relate to much more than safety. In fact, they can benefit every important function of your organization. In explaining these we ll review most of the key psychological principles covered in this chapter. 

A noted authority on behavior-based safety, E. Scott Geller, identified seven key principles that should serve as guidelines when developing a BBS process or tool for safety management. They are (Geller 1999, 40) ... 

Figure 5.1 illustrates a distinction between conscious competence/other-directed and conscious competence/self-directed. If a safe work practice is self-directed, the employee is considered responsible and self-management intervention is relevant. As detailed elsewhere (Watson and Tharp 1997), the methods and tools of effective self-management are derived from behavioral science research and are perfectly consistent with the principles of behavior-based safety. 

This chapter began with a review of three basic principles that define a behavioral science approach to improving the human element of mining safety, including a rationale for using a behavior-based approach. Then a basic firamework for implementing a behavior management system was introduced. It was called DO IT for the four basic processes of behavior-based safety ... 

Must it be measured Managers focus on the numbers, and in safety that means injury records and compensation costs. When I discuss behavior-based safety principles and procedures with managers, I inevitably get the question, "What s the ROI or return on investment " They want to know how much the process will cost and how long will it take for the numbers to improve. This analytical approach is inspired by the popular management principle, "You can only manage what you can measure."... 

The safety culture action principle, behavior based attitudes theory and accident triangle principles work together to promote the change of zero accidents concept to zero accidents objective from three indispensable aspects of idea , action and methods , as is shown in Figure 4. Three principles commonly guide zero accidents concept, which is one of the key elements of safety culture, to strengthen enterprise safety management, prevent accidents and lessen accident rate, as follows ... 

The behavior and person factors represent the human dynamics of occupational safety and are addressed in this book. The basic principle here is that behavior-based and person-based factors need to be addressed in order to achieve a Total Safety Culture. These two divergent approaches to understanding and managing the human element represent the psychology of injury prevention. 

One of the most frequent common-sense mistakes in safety management is the use of outcome-based incentive programs. Giving rewards for avoiding an injury seems reasonable and logical, but it readily leads to covering up minor injuries and a distorted picture of safety performance. The basic activator-behavior-consequence contingency (see Chapter 8 and Principle 18) demonstrates that safety incentives need to focus on process activities, or safety-related behaviors. 

Abstract. Component-based architectures are widely used in embedded systems. For managing complexity and improving quality separation of concerns is one of the most important principles. For one component, separation of concerns is realized by defining the overall component functionality by separated protocol behaviors. One of the main challenges of applying separation of concerns is the later automatic composition of the separated, maybe interdependent concerns which is not supported by current component-based approaches. Moreover, the complexity of real-time distributed embedded systems requires to consider safety requirements for the composition of the separated concerns. We present an approach which addresses these problems by a well-defined automatic composition of protocol behaviors with respect to interdependent concerns. The composition is performed by taking a proper refinement relation into accoimt so that the analysis results of the separated concerns are preserved which is essential for safety critical systems. 

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