Alternative sources

This is going to supply the cold water that courses through the condenser whether that condenser is set up for reflux or is part of a distillation configuration. The pump need not be very strong. In fact, the perfect example is one of those little, submergible fish tank pumps that one can find at any pet store for about 10. All the chemist does is attach a hose to the outlet, chunks the little pump into a bucket of ice water, attaches the hose to the condenser and there it is. An alternative source is that little pump that s attached to the windshield washing fluid reservoir of any car in a junk yard. The chemist removes the reservoir (pump still attached), applies an adapted power source to the pump and uses the plastic reservoir to hold the ice water. 

Guajule An Alternative Source of Natural Rubber, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1977. 

Supply Projections. Additional supphes are expected to be necessary to meet the projected production shortfall. A significant contribution is likely to come from uranium production centers such as Eastern Europe and Asia, which are not included in the capabihty projections (27). The remaining shortfall between fresh production and reactor requirements is expected to be filled by several alternative sources, including excess inventory drawdown. These shortfalls could also be met by the utili2ation of low cost resources that could become available as a result of technical developments or pohcy changes, production from either low or higher cost resources not identified in production capabihty projections, recycled material such as spent fuel, and low enriched uranium converted from the high enriched uranium (HEU) found in warheads (28). 

Comparative Risk-Cost-Benefit Study of Alternative Sources of Electrical Energy, Report WASH-1224, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1974 Nucl Sa 17(2), 171 (1976). 

Methods exist to make impure iron direcdy from ore, ie, to make DRI without first reducing the ore in the blast furnace to make pig iron which has to be purified in a second step. These processes, generally referred to as direct-reduction processes, are employed where natural gas is readily available for the reduction (see also Ironbydirectreduction). Carbonization of iron ore to make iron carbide as an alternative source of iron units is in its infancy as of the mid-1990s but may grow. 

In addition to the isolation of steroid raw materials from whole plants, plant tissue cultures have been iavestigated as an alternative source of these steroids. Despite many advances (128), there are no iadustrial appHcatioas of plant cell cultures for the production of steroids (129,130). 

The recent (since 1993) tightness of the chlorine market, which was accompanied by rising chlorine prices, sparked interest in alternative sources of chlorine, ie, HCl and EDC, where these are available. Some plants no longer operate in a strictly balanced mode, but instead operate with more than half of thek EDC made from oxychlorination (owing to importation of HCl or EDC as a chlorine source, thus bypassing dkect chlorination). The ideal situation is one in which the plant can adapt to any feed combination, allowing operation at the optimum mix of feedstocks as determined by minimization of the sum of raw material and operating costs. 

Sulfuric acid is an economical alternative source of acid and many commercial generators substitute concentrated sulfuric acid for HCl. Furthermore, the requited chloride ion needed as the reductant is already present or added as NaCl in the chlorate solution or crystal obtained from the chlorate manufacturer. This process, popular in the 1960s and 1970s, produces substantial amounts of Hquid effluent containing 20—35% sulfuric acid, 20—25% sodium sulfate, and minor amounts of sodium chloride and unreacted chlorate that must be neutralized with alkaH. 

Ensure that alternate sources of inert gas feeds are dry... 

Discuss the future alternative sources of energy for light, heat, and power. 

Time constant for open circuit voltage (when motor control will use delayed transfer to alternate sources on voltage loss). This value must include the effect of any capacitors applied on the load side of the motor controller. 

The operational test of the lube system is, as the name implies, a functional test to check as many of the features as practical under running conditions. The first and last step is a demonstration of the cleanliness of the system. This is followed by a running test of a four-hour duration. The test should simulate the field operation with the compressor in every way practical. All equipment to be furnished with the lube system should be used in the test, including the standby pump start and trip switches. All other instruments should be used to demonstrate their operation. Prior to starting the four-hour run, the system should be thoroughly inspected for leaks and the leaks corrected. If no steam is available for a steam turbine (if one is used), the four-hour run can be made on the electric pump. However, every effort should be made to use an alternate source of energy such as compressed air, to operate the steam turbine. 

Diphenyl carbonate, an alternative source of the carbonate group to phosgene, may be obtained by reacting phenol with phosgene in acqueous caustic soda solution, the reaction being accelerated by tertiary amines. The diphenyl carbonate can be purified by redistillation. 

An alternative source of the frani-1,4-polyisoprene is balata, obtained from Mimosups balata, occurring in Venezuela, Barbados and Guyana. The latex is thin and may be tapped in the same way as natural rubber. 

IV-Nitrosqanilides are an alternative source of aryl radicals. There is a close mechanistie relationship to the decomposition of azo compounds. The JV-nitrosoanilides rearrange to intermediates that have a nitrogen-nitrogen double bond. The intermediate then decomposes to generate aryl radieals. ... 

If you are located on or near an airport and a Boeing 747 descends upon your factory, can you claim it to be an event outside your control when you chose to site your plant so close to the airport You may have chosen to outsource manufacture to a supplier in a poorer country and now depend on them for your supplies. They may ship the product but because it is stopped at customs due to a change in government of the country concerned, it doesn t reach its destination - hence you may need an alternative source of supply. 

The reaction of 9(1 l)-dehydro steroids with nitrosyl fluoride was studied by Grantz and Rosenthal in pursuit of an alternate source for the important 9a-fluoro-11-oxygenated steroids. As expected, reaction at the more hindered 9(1 l)-double bond proceeds more slowly than at either the 4- or 5-double bonds. After 10 days at 3°, 3 -acetoxy-5a-pregn-9(l l)-en-20-one (50) affords a 45% yield of the 9a-fluoro-ll-nitrimine (51). Other 9a-fluoro-ll-nitrimines were prepared and it was found that the presence of additional keto groups, particularly the 3-keto group gives rise to side products with a concomitant reduction in yield of the desired 9a-fluoro-ll-nitrimines. In the case of the A" -3-ketones the yield is reduced to 10 %. The steric hindrance... 

The size of each raw material source must be determined in the light of e.xisling and estimated future requirements. An attempt must be made to estimate the life of the raw material source based on future requirements. Alternate sources or substitutes in the area should also be located and evaluated. The eost of delivering raw material to the plant site can then be determined for all sourees that meet the process quality and quantity specifications. 

An alternative source of the ethyl component was ethyl bromide, a less expensive material. It was at this point that GM called upon DuPont to take over process development. DuPont was the largest U.S. chemical company at the time. It had extensive experience in the scale-up of complex chemical operations, including explosives and high-pressure synthesis. The manufacturing process was undertaken by DuPont s premier department, the Organic Chemical section. GM contracted with DuPont to build a 1,300 pound per day plant. The first commercial quantities of TEL were sold in Februai-y 1923 in the form of ethyl premium gasoline. 

Seek alternative sources When a supplier can t deliver within budget or schedule, look for others who can. You may choose to accept a substitute rather than seek other sources. X X... 

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