System safety basic principles

Of course, the concepts of intrinsic safety cannot be transferred to optical systems. The basic principle to limit power or energy, however, can be applied for optical radiation ... 

Borcsok, J. 2007. Functional Safety—Basic Principles of Safety-related Systems. Heidelberg Huthig. 

Vaporization and diffusion of flammable or toxic liquids or gases is a primary consideration with distillation, evaporation, extraction, and absorption operations. The basic principle of safety for tliese unit operations is contaimnent of the materials witliin the system. These operations should be conducted outdoors whenever possible. In tliis way, any accidental release of flammable or... 

While quality was formerly achieved by inspection of final products, it is accomplished now by prevention through controlling critical steps in the production processes along the agri-food chain. Hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) represent a typical example of such a preventive approach. Although this concept was developed primarily to assure food safety, the basic principle is also applicable to assuring non-safety quality attributes such as color, flavor, and nutritional value. " This section translates the HACCP principles into a critical quality control point (CQP) concept that can be part of a system to assure food quality. 

Good Laboratory Practice is a qnahty system concerned with the organisation of the test facility and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported. This is the GLP Decalogue stating the basic principles that the laboratory must follow. 

Radioactive waste management is a quite mature field of application of basic geoscientific disciplines. As we will discuss in forthcoming sections, the long-term performance and henceforth the safety of radioactive waste disposal systems, deeply relies on the basic principles that control the release, mobility, and transport of the chemical elements in the geosphere. In the context of radioactive waste disposal, the waste matrix constitutes the innermost of the barriers that may control the release and ulterior transport of radionuclides through the ground-water systems. 

In the UK the present yellow card system had its origins in 1965, when Witts,who was then a member of the Committee on Safety of Drugs (the precursor to the Committee on Safety of Medicines), published a method for the collection of suspected adverse reactions to drugs. The thalidomide tragedy was a powerful stimulus for the setting up of an effective system of adverse event monitoring. An excellent early publication which set out many of the basic principles and definitions of terms and procedures is that of Finney. ... 

The basic principle in the use of computerised systems within regulatory safety studies can be very concisely brought to the point ... 

The purpose of this publication is to help you understand the distillation of ethyl alcohol. It first presents the basic principles involved in distillation and how the process works. The types of distillation equipment and systems that might be involved in a small fuel alcohol plant are then discussed, as are the performance and control criteria needed for a general evaluation of each. The publication concludes with a discussion of safety, along with some general selection, operation and management criteria useful in evaluating alternatives. 

The goal of therapeutic vaccination is to harness the power of the immune system to treat complex diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, obesity, and Alzheimer s disease. The basic principle in the design of a therapeutic vaccine is to identify the self-protein that causes a disease, and then try to elicit an immune response against the protein, by breaking immune tolerance, in order to remove the protein from the body and alleviate the symptoms of the disease. Once immune tolerance is broken, it leads to the destruction of the targeted self-protein thus, the balance between safety and efficacy for therapeutic vaccines needs to be carefully assessed. 

Freshwater sources generally consist of ground and surface water sources. In rare cases, water may be obtained from sea or ocean water by desalination processes that are relatively costly. Most municipal systems utilize surface water whereas most of the industrial consumers of water prefer to pump water from ground sources than to obtain it from municipal systems. Tap water provided by the municipal system to the community is treated to an extent which generally finds a balance between the economy and the practicality of the treatment and the safety of the water delivered. Nevertheless, the basic principle is that the quality of the water should be suitable for consumers to drink and use for domestic purposes without subsequent risk of adverse effects on their health throughout their lifetime. Also, special attention is necessary to protect vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women and children. 

Applying the basic principles of STAMP to operations means that, like development, the goal during operations is enforcement of the safety constraints, this time on the operating system rather than in its design. Specific responsibilities and control actions required during operations are outlined in chapter 13. 

The safety instrumented system logic solvers addressed include Electrical (E)/Electronic (E)/ and Programmable Electronic (PE) technology. Where other technologies are used for logic solvers, the basic principles of this standard may also be applied. This standard also addresses the safety instrumented system sensors and final elements regardless of the technology used. This International Standard is process industry specific within the framework of the lEC 61508 series. 

The basic principles are the same for the preparation of both the cellulose acetate dope and the cellulose triacetate dope with the exception of the particular solvent mixture used for each. The flake, the solvent mixture, and a filtering aid are added to a heavy-duty mixer. The solution is prepared in a fully enclosed system to minimize solvent losses and also to meet strict exposure levels regarding the workers. In the case of cellulose acetate, the main solvent is acetone, which is highly flammable. Therefore, the vapor-air ratio must be maintained at a level that meets safety regulations. Strict fire codes are maintained in the dope-preparation department as well as in the fiber-spinning department. 

Ryazanov, B.G. (1996) Basic Principles and Nuclear Criticality Safety System in Facilities of Nuclear Industry of MINATOM, Russia, Russian-Chinese workshop on nuclear safety in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, Beijing Nuclear Design Institute, Beijing, May 24-31. 

Since the SMS is management driven, these basic safety management principles are vital for the implementation and maintenance of the system, without which safety culture change would be almost impossible. 

M. Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, S. SaeidMohtasebi, M. Siadat, Biomimetic-based odor and taste sensing systems to food quality and safety characterization an overview on basic principles and recent achievements. J. Food Eng. 100, 377-387 (2010)... 

In any high-risk system, there is a strong temptation to rely totally on statistical probabilities because numbers seem to provide an easy way to measure safety and likelihood of failure or loss. However, the limitations and basic principles of such... 

In an effort to provide some basic guidelines for conducting a JSA, the following information is provided. It might be suggested that the JSA is the closest link that the industrial safety world has to the principles and concepts of system safety analysis. Establishing these guidelines at this juncture will hopefully demonstrate the parallel objectives of industrial safety assurance and system safety analysis. 

This chapter presents the fundamental principles of probabiUty theory and briefly examines the use of statistical analysis in the practice of system safety. The information discussed here should provide the reader with a very basic understanding of these concepts, which, by some accounts, is essential to the overall understanding of the system safety discipline. It should be noted that it is not within the scope of this Basic Guide to System Safety to provide aU there is to know regarding probability theory and statistical analysis. However, a certain level of understanding is essential and will therefore be discussed here. 

This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of patient safety. Research underlying the basic concepts of patient safety comes from outside health care, primarily from engineering, aviation, psychology, and sociology. These areas of inquiry replace the impoverished conceptualization of error reduction with the more robust concept of complex adaptive systems. The framing principles are ... 

The safety of a process can be achieved by inherent (internal) and external means. Inherent safety focuses on the intrinsic properties of a process and attempts to design out hazards rather than trying to control hazards through the application of external protective systems. Inherently safer processes rely on chemistry and physics (properties of materials, quantity of hazardous materials) instead of control systems (interlocks, alarms, procedures) to protect workers, property, and the environment. It would be inappropriate to talk about an inherendy safe process, as an absolute definition of safe is difficult to achieve in this context since risk cannot be reduced to zero. However, one can talk about a process or chemical being inherently safer than other(s). For instance, water can be an extremely hazardous chemical under certain conditions (e.g., floods), but in the context of a chemical process, water is an inherently safer solvent than other chemicals. Trevor Kletz has postulated some basic principles of inherent safety [79,80] that process systems engineers can follow when designing or retrofitting chemical processes. Kletz s inherent safety principles can be summarized as follows ... 

Adapting these types of strategies to the identification and implementation of best practice demonstrates a lack of understanding of the basic principles of taking a systems management approach to work safety. 

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