Immune response cell cooperation

The morbidity and mortality that are often associated with human GI helminth infections reflect in part the nutritional consequences of diarrhoea and malabsorption, and the resulting malnutrition that can accentuate the effects of infection by suppressing the protective immune response as well as compromising intestinal repair (Ferguson et al., 1980 Keymer and Tarlton, 1991 Cooper et al, 1992). In experimental rodents the pathology associated with infection is characterized by villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia and infiltration of the mucosa by a variety of... 

In an immune response, antibodies are produced and secreted by the B-lymphocytes in conjunction with the T, cells. In the majority of hapten-carrier systems, the B cells end up producing antibodies that are specific for both the hapten and the carrier. In these cases, the T lymphocytes will have specific-binding domains on the carrier, but will not recognize the hapten alone. In a kind of synergism, the B- and T-cells cooperate to induce a hapten-specific antibody response. After such an immune response has taken place, if the host is subsequently challenged with only the hapten, usually it will respond by producing hapten-specific antibodies from memory cells formed after the initial immunization. For a review of immunobiology (see Janeway, 2004). 

Fehniger T-A, Shah MH, Turner MJ, VanDeusen JB, Whitman SP, Cooper MA, Suzuki K, Wechser M, Goodsaid F, Caligiuri MA Differential cytokine and chemokine gene expression by human NK cells following activation with IL-18 or lL-15 in combination with lL-12 implications for the innate immune response. J Immunol 1999 162 4511-4520. 

Silva, D.G., Cooper, P.D., and Petrovsky, N., Inulin-derived adjuvants efficiently promote both Thl and Th2 immune response, Immunol. Cell Biol., 82, 611-616, 2004. 

T lymphocytes, thymus-derived lymphocytes or T cells are formed in the thymus. They carry out immune reactions involving cell-cell interactions and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. One distinguishes specific and non-specific cytotoxic killer T cells, (NK cells, natural killer cells), and helper T cells which cooperate with antigen-presenting cells, APC s, in the initiation of an immune response. Suppressor T cells dampen the action of helper T cells. 

The increased cooperation between T cell, B cell, and macrophage also depends on the immunogen and the host. For molecules with low immunogenicity, adjuvants favor the induction of immune response at the expense of tolerance. Extensive reviews on adjuvant action have been presented by Jolles and Paraf (1973), WHO report No. 595 (1973) and Borek (1977). 

In the reticuloendothelial system of animals, various cell populations cooperate to produce the humoral immune response. These cells circulate throughout the body in the blood and lymph systems. They are found in especially high concentrations in the spleen and the lymph nodes. Foreign antigens are initially recognized by scavenger surveillance cells called macrophages. 

The apparent contradiction between inflammatory chemokine and chemokine receptor redundancy observed in vitro and specific phenotypes revealed from gene-targeted animals can be resolved if one considers that these chemokines and their receptors function as a cooperative network in vivo to generate a complete immune response. Cooperation exists by coordinating the temporal expression of chemokine receptors on different cell types, the same cell type, or even the same cell. 

The studies directed to delineation of the mechanisms of T and B cell cooperative interactions led initially to the hypothesis that the primary role of T cells in such responses was that of antigen-focusing, either directly or indirectly via macrophages (discussed in reference 54). The weight of evidence, however, has subsequently demonstrated that T cell regulation of immune responses is mediated via factors which are active on both T cells and B cells. These factors have properties of either enhancing or suppressing responses and may be either specific or non-specific (Section 4.8). 

Tengerdy and Nockels, 1975) it appears that the main effect of vitamin E is promoting the proliferation of immunocompetent, antigen stimulated B lymphocytes, probably through an enhanced cooperation with T helper cells (Tanaka, Fujiwara, and Torisu, 1979). The effect is particularly significant in the primary immune response and involves an early shift from IgM to IgG antibody synthesis (Tanaka, Fujiwara, and Torisu, 1979 Tengerdy et al., 1973). 

The reader is cautioned that this precis merely highlights those immunocompetent cells that are currently believed to participate in immune responses against tumors. Not discussed, are a multitude of regulatory reactions encompassing helper cells, suppressor cells, cooperations among similar and dissimilar cell types, and soluble factors serving as messengers (see Kumar, 1979)... 

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