Plasma cell

Plasma cells, together with polymorphonuclear leucocytes and smooth muscle cells compose only 2 % of the interstitial cell population of the normal human lung (Pinkerton et al. 1988). 

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A B lymphocyte is a specific type of white blood cell (leucocyte) derived from bone marrow stem cells. Each B lymphocyte expresses an immunoglobulin (antibody) specific for a particular antigen. Following antigenic stimulation, a B lymphocyte may differentiate and multiply into plasma cells that secrete large quantities of monoclonal antibody. 

Proteasomal inhibition represents a novel strategy in cancer treatment and the small molecule Bortezomid (PS-341, Velcade ) has been approved for the treatment of refractory and relapsed multiple myeloma, a proliferative disease of plasma cells. Bortezomid inhibits an active site in a proteasome subunit and remarkably shows selective cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Although the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood bortezomid apparently induces a cell stress response in these tumor cells followed by caspase-dependent apoptosis. Whether bortezomid is beneficial for the treatment of other proliferative disease is currently being tested in clinical trials. 

Various syndromes associated with hypereosinophilia involve skeletal muscle. There is a rare form of polymyositis which is characterized by this feature (defined as exceeding 1,500 eosinophils/mm for at least six months). Clinical presentation includes skin changes, heart and lung involvement, and peripheral neuropathy as well as proximal myopathy. The condition must be distinguished from trichinosis and other parasitic infections associated with hypereosinophilia. Muscle biopsy findings are interstitial and perivascular infiltrates in which eosinophils predominate but are accompanied by lymphocytes and plasma cells, and occasional muscle fiber necrosis. Fascitis may also be associated with hypereosinophilia (Shulman s syndrome). This condition is characterized by painful swelling of skin and soft tissues of trunk and extremities and weakness of limb muscles. Biopsy of muscle... 

There was a suggestion of dose-related immunosuppressive effects in rabbits fed methyl parathion in the diet at 0.04, 0.16, 0.57, and 1.48 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. These effects consisted of decreased numbers of plasma cells in popliteal lymph nodes (at all doses compared to controls), decreased numbers of germinal... 

This has been estabhshed by experiments at the whole-animal level (eg, hepatectomy) and by use of the isolated perfused Hver preparation, of hver slices, of liver homogenates, and of in vitro translation systems using preparations of mRNA extracted from liver. However, the y-globulins are synthesized in plasma cells and certain plasma proteins are synthesized in other sites, such as endothelial cells. 

The L chains and H chains are synthesized as separate molecules and are subsequently assembled within the B cell or plasma cell into mature immunoglobulin molecules, all of which are glycoproteins. 

These are supplied by the secretion of peptide molecules (termed cytokines or lymphokines) fiom a subset of the T-cell family (the helper T cells, TH cells). These peptide molecules (interleukins (IL) 2,4,5 and 6) stimulate the B cells to proliferate, undergo clonal expansion and mature into plasma cells which secrete antibody and also into the longer-hving, non-dividing memory cells. 

Subsequent antigenic stimulation results in high antibody titres (secondary or memory resporrse) as there is now an expanded clone of cells with memory of the original antigen available to proliferate into mature plasma cells (Fig. 14.1). 

CD28 Present on resting and activated T cells and plasma cells... 

The pathophysiology of HL is defined by the presence of the RS cell in a grouping of lymph nodes. The RS cell is a large cell morphologically with a multinucleated structure with pronounced eosinophilic nucleoli.5 In the affected lymph nodes, the RS cells are contained in a reactive milieu of T lymphocytes, eosinophils, histiocytes, and plasma cells, which makes them difficult to distinguish from these background cells. The natural course of the disease, if left untreated, is less than a 5% probability of surviving 5 years. 

Myeloma is a plasma cell cancer associated with bone disease that can be improved by bisphosphonates. 

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells that is characterized by an abnormal production of a monoclonal protein. Features of the disease include bone lesions, anemia, and... 

Plasma cell A lymphocyte that is a mature antibody-secreting B cell. 

Somatic hypermutation High frequency of mutation that occurs in the gene segments encoding the variable regions of antibodies during the differentiation of B lymphocytes into antibody-producing plasma cells. 

Hargreaves DC, Hyman PL, Lu TT, et al. A coordinated change in chemokine responsiveness guides plasma cell movements. J Exp Med 2001 194 45-56. 

Muehlinghaus G, Cigliano L, Huehn S, et al. Regulation of CXCR3 and CXCR4 expression during terminal differentiation of memory B cells into plasma cells. Blood 2005 105 3965-3971. 

Wilson E, Butcher EC. CCL28 controls immunoglobulin (Ig)A plasma cell accumulation in the lactating mammary gland and IgA antibody transfer to the neonate. J Exp Med 2004 200 805-809. 

Tsubaki T, Takegawa S, Hanamoto H, et al. Accumulation of plasma cells expressing CXCR3 in the synovial sublining regions of early rheumatoid arthritis in association with production of Mig/CXCL9 by synovial hbroblasts. Clin Exp Immunol 2005 141(2) 363-371. 

Plasma cell disorders Plasma cell disorders Inflammation-associated, familial Mediterranean fever Familial amyloidotic neuropathy, systemic senile amyloidosis Dialysis-associated amyloidosis Familial amyloidotic neuropathy, aortic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Sporadic and familial Alzheimer s disease, familial cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Spongiform encephalopathies C-cell thyroid tumors Insulinoma, type II diabetes Atrial amyloidosis Prolactinomas pituitary amyloidosis Iatrogenic amyloidosis Corneal amyloidosis ... 

Taylor CR, Burns J. The demonstration of plasma cells and other immunoglobulin containing cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using peroxidase labelled antibody. J. Clin. Pathol. 1974 27 14-20. 

Kulkarni M, Desai S, Ajit D, et al. Utility of the thromboplastin-plasma cell-block technique for fine-needle aspiration and serous effusions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009 37 86-90. 

The Derivative, 5-(biotinamido)pentylamine, contains a 5-carbon cadaverine spacer group attached to the valeric acid side chain of biotin (Thermo Fisher). The compound can be used in a carbodi-imide reaction process to label carboxylate groups in proteins and other molecules, forming amide bond linkages (Chapter 3, Section 1). However, the main use of this biotinylation reagent is in the determination of factor XHIa or transglutaminase enzymes in plasma, cell, or tissue extracts. 

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