Central nervous system, cell response

NO has complex roles in immunological host responses against viruses, and especially against HIV-1 infection. In HIV-1 infection, NO cannot be rigidly classified as an anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory molecule, but it can be deemed a true inflammatory mediator. Many studies support a proviral effect of NO in HIV-1 infection, mainly based on stimulation of viral replication, and on toxic effects on various cells, including central nervous system cells, via oxidative injury that may cause cellular and organ dysfunction, and immunosuppression and immunopathology, especially in the central nervous system. 

Kawano, H., Kimura-Kuroda, J., Komuta, Y, Yoshioka, N., Li, H.R, Kawamura, K., Li, Y, Raisman, G., 2012. Role of the lesion scar in the response to damage and repair of the central nervous system. Cell Tissue Res. 349, 169-180. 

In the central nervous system (CNS) the concept that localized microdomains of calcium are responsible for triggering vesicle fusion generally refers to neurons (Rizzuto and Pozzan 2006). Concerning glial cells although the existence of structural... 

Three phases of receptor-mediated signaling can be identified 178 Four distinct molecular mechanisms that link agonist occupancy of cell-surface receptors to functional responses have been identified 178 Cross-talk can occur between intracellular signaling pathways 179 Signaling molecules can activate gene transcription 181 Nitric oxide acts as an intercellular signaling molecule in the central nervous system 181... 

Central nervous system stem cells maintain an undifferentiated state and the capacity to self-renew in response to epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 507 Cell lineage studies reveal close associations between distinct neural cell types 508... 

Zinc is important to the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). At low concentrations, zinc protects mammalian brain neurons by blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated toxicity. At high concentrations, zinc is a potent, rapidly acting neurotoxicant in the mammalian brain, as judged by zinc-induced neuronal injury of in vitro mature cortical cell cultures (Choi et al. 1988). Increased brain levels of zinc are associated with Pick s disease in certain strains of rodents with inherited epileptic seizures. Intravenous injection of zinc in rats with genetically inherited epilepsy produces seizures a similar response occurs with intracranial injection of zinc in rabbits with inherited audiogenic seizures (Choi et al. 1988). 

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