Behavioral responses

FIG. 23-7 Imp ulse and step inputs and responses. Typical, PFR and CSTR. (a) Experiment with impulse input of tracer, (h) Typical behavior area between ordinates at tg and ty equals the fraction of the tracer with residence time in that range, (c) Plug flow behavior all molecules have the same residence time, (d) Completely mixed vessel residence times range between zero and infinity, e) Experiment with step input of tracer initial concentration zero. (/) Typical behavior fraction with ages between and ty equals the difference between the ordinates, h — a. (g) Plug flow behavior zero response until t =t has elapsed, then constant concentration Cy. (h) Completely mixed behavior response begins at once, and ultimately reaches feed concentration. 

THE DETERMINATION OF THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE EXHIBITED BY A PARTICULAR STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION UNDER SPECIFIC LOADS (WHAT LOAD DOES THE STRUCTURE TAKE )... 

Doughty MJ, Diehn B (1980) Flavins as Photoreceptor Pigments for Behavioral Responses. 41 45-70... 

The theories that attempt to describe the initial event in sweet-taste stimulation will be discussed, as will some of the practical attempts to isolate sweet-receptor molecules. Relevant, behavioral data will be examined, particularly where the effects of molecular structure on behavior responses are being evaluated. 

Studies on the biochemistry of the taste system should take into account results obtained at other levels, such as electrophysiological recordings and, particularly, behavioral responses to taste stimuli. The term sweetness should strictly be used only in studies conducted on humans, because the description of taste modality is a verbal response. It is usually concluded that positive behavioral responses in animals, that is, preferences, or electrophysiological response to a stimulus compound that is known to be sweet to man, are due to the sweet taste. This may not necessarily be true in some cases, because behavioral or electrophysiological response may result from other taste modalities. It is, therefore, critical that comparative aspects be carefully interpreted. 

The specific binding of taste-stimulus compounds, and correlations between the biochemical results obtained and the behavioral responses, have also been studied (see Fig. 39). Direct measurement of the binding of... 

Abbadie C (2005) Chemokines, chemokine receptors and pain. Trends Immunol 26 529-534 Abbadie C, Lindia JA, Cumiskey AM, Peterson LB, Mudgett JS, Bayne EK, DeMartino JA, MacIntyre DE, Forrest MJ (2003) Impaired neuropathic pain responses in mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 7947-7952 Ahn DK, Lee KR, Lee HJ, Kim SK, Choi HS, Lim EJ, Park JS (2005) Intracistemal administration of chemokines facditated formalin-induced behavioral responses in the orofacial area of freely moving rats. Brain Res Bull 66 50-58... 

Goldberg ME, Johnson HE, Pozzani UC, et al. 1964a. Behavioral response of rats during inhalation of trichloroethylene and carbon disulfide vapours. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 21 36-44. 

Nocera JJ, Taylor PD. 1998. In situ behavioral response of common loons associated with elevated mercury (Hg) exposure. Conserv Ecol 2 10-17. 

Dorries K.M., Adkins-Regan E. and Halpem B.P. (1997). Olfactory sensitivity and behavioral responses to the pheromone androstenone are not mediated by the vomeronasal organ in domestic pigs. Brain Behav Evol 49, 53-62. 

Eisthen H., Wysocki C.J. and Beauchamp G. (1987). Behavioral responses of male guinea pigs to conspecific signals following neonatal vomeronasal organ removal. Physiol Behav 41, 445-449. 

Pfeiffer C. and Johnston R.E. (1994). Hormonal and behavioral responses of male hamsters to females and female odors roles of olfaction, the vomeronasal system, and sexual experience. Physiol Behav 55, 129-138. 

Paul, S. and Skolnick, P. Differential electrophysiologica1 and behavioral responses to optically active derivatives of phencyclidine. Naunvn Schmiedeberas Arch Pharmacol 74 107-108, 1981. 

Evidence in favor of such a hypothesis is given by Jurgensen et al. who have first reported the fact that an alkaloid fraction from Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC, a vine used by Peruvian Indians to treat several diseases, given by the intraperitonneal route, dose-dependently suppressed the behavioral response to the chemical stimuli in the models indicated and increased latencies in the thermal stimuli models (33). 

Carroll M. J. and Berenbaum M. R. (2002). Behavioral responses of the parsnip webworm to host plant volatiles. J Chem Ecol 28 2191-2201. 

Barrot, M., Olivier, J.D., Perrotti, L.I. et al. CREB activity in the nucleus accumbens shell controls gating of behavioral responses to emotional stimuli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 11435, 2002. 

Kuczenski, R., Segal, D.S., Cho, A.K., Melega, W. Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine. J. Neurosci. 15 1308, 1995. 

Haile, C.N., Hiroi, N., Nestler, E.J., Kosten, T.A. Differential behavioral responses to cocaine are associated with dynamics of mesolimbic dopamine proteins in Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Synapse. 41 179, 2001. 

Mating animals that display a required trait and selecting offspring that also display the trait reveals genetic differences in behavioral responses such as cognition. Rats have been selectively bred for high or low emotionality on the basis of defecation rates and these two strains have been found to differ in their sensitivity to the stimulant/depressant effects of nicotine [49]. 

Of the protozoa in which flavins have been proposed to serve as photoreceptor pigments for behavioral responses, Euglena has been the most intensely studied. In this contribution a survey is given of the historical studies of photomovement in this organism, followed by a critical discussion of the experimental conditions under which such studies might be carried out. 

Accumulation. Accumulation in or disperal from a region of higher stimulus intensity, though often confused with a true behavioral response, is the most often observed macroscopic result of many of the phenomena discussed above. 

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