Immunity humoral

Although a humoral immune response is the primaiy protection against most viral and some bacterial diseases, protective defense against other pathogens such as HIV, Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a cytotoxic response mediated by CD8+ T-cells (CTL response). Since the introduction of the vaccination concept by Jenner almost 200 yeats ago, only few vaccines have been developed that are able to induce a CTL response. These vaccines are usually attenuated live vaccines that are accompanied by certain risks and are not readily available for most pathogens. The immense appeal of DNA vaccines can be attributed to a considerable part to the fact that they are able to induce... 

Humoral immunity depends on soluble, noncellular effector mechanisms of the immune system. These include defensins and complement components (proteins of the innate immune system) and antibodies (products of the adaptive immune system). They are capable of reacting with foreign substances (e.g., bacteria and viruses) to produce detoxification and elimination. 

Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Humoral Immunity HVA Ca2+ Channels Hybridization... 

Cell-mediated and humoral immunity are interdependent, that is, CMI influences the function of tiie B lymphocytes, and humoral immunity influences tiie function of the T lymphocytes. 

Street JC, Sharma RP. 1975. Alteration of induced cellular and humoral immune responses by pesticides and chemicals of environmental concern Quantitative studies of immunosuppression by DDT, Aroclor 1254, carbaryl, carbofuran, and methyl parathion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 32 587-602. 

Complement is not a single protein but comprises a group of functionally linked proteins that interact with each other to provide mar of the effector functions of humoral immunity and inflammation. Most of the components of the system are present in the serum as proenzymes, i.e. enzyme precursors. Activation of a complement molecule occurs as a result of proteolytic cleavage of the molecule, which in itself confers proteolytic activity on the molecule. Thus, many components of the system serve as the substrate of a prior component and, in turn, activate a subsequent component. This pattern of sequential activation results in the system being called the complement cascade. ... 

Humoral antibodies of the IgG elass are able to eross the placenta flxm mother to fetus. These antibodies will provide passive proteetion of the new-born against those diseases which involve humoral immunity and to which the mother is immune. In this fashion, new-born infants in the UK have passive proteetion against tetanus but not against tuberculosis which requires cell-mediated immunity. Seeretory antibodies are also passed to the new-born together with the first deliveries of breast milk (colostrum). Such antibodies provide some passive protection against infections of the gastrointestinal tract. 

Yamashita reported anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin when administered with aspirin. An oral preparation has been developed by Alejung and Wadstroem for the treatment of Helicobacter infections of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Strong evidence suggested that astaxanthin modulated the humoral and non-humoral immune systems. It enhanced the release of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-... 

Blakeley BR, Sisoda CS, Mukkar TK. 1980. The effect of methyhnercury, tetraethyl lead, and sodium arsenite on the humoral immune response in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharm 52 245-254. 

Differentiate between the functions of cell-mediated and humoral immunity and how they relate to organ transplantation. 

B cells play a large role in the humoral immune response. In humans, B cells are produced and mature in the bone marrow. However, the abbreviation B does not stand for bone marrow. It stands for the bursa of Fabricius, an organ unique to birds, where B cells originally were discovered to mature. 

Finally, persons with diabetes have altered immune function that predisposes them to infection. Although their humoral immune responses remain intact, leukocyte function and cell-mediated immunity are compromised in poorly controlled disease. Achieving and maintaining tightly controlled blood glucose levels can wholly or partially reverse diabetic immunopathy. 

L. Chatenoud, Humoral immune response against OKT3, Transplant. Proc., 25(2 suppl. 1), 68 (1993). 

Low levels or absence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) is associated with one form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) characterized by B-andT-lymphocyte dysfunction due to toxic effects of deoxyadenosine (HI9). Most patients present as infants with failure to thrive, repeated infections, severe lymphopenia, and defective cellular and humoral immunity. Disease severity is correlated with the degree of deoxyadenosine nucleotide pool expansion and inactivation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in red blood cells. Up to now, more than 40 mutations have been identified (A4, H20, S5, S6). The majority of the basic molecular defects underlying ADA deficiency of all clinical phenotypes are missense mutations. Nonsense mutations, deletions ranging from very large to single nucleotides, and splicing mutations have also been reported. It is likely that severe... 

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