Polychlorinated biphenyls waste

Table 1.4. Waste polychlorinated biphenyl (waste PCBs) and other wastes ...

The performance of SCWO for waste treatment has been demonstrated (15,16). In these studies, a broad number of refractory materials such as chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pesticides were studied as a function of process parameters (17). The success of these early studies led to pilot studies which showed that chlorinated hydrocarbons, including 1,1,1-trichloroethane /7/-T5-6y,(9-chlorotoluene [95-49-8] and hexachlorocyclohexane, could be destroyed to greater than 99.99997, 99.998, and 99.9993%, respectively. In addition, no traces of organic material could be detected in the gaseous phase, which consisted of carbon dioxide and unreacted oxygen. The pilot unit had a capacity of 3 L/min of Hquid effluent and was operated for a maximum of 24 h. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) zero 0.0005 Skin changes thymus gland problems immune deficiencies reproductive or nervous system difficulties increased risk of cancer Runoff from landfils discharge of waste chemicals... 

Extraction, employs a liquid solvent to remove certain compounds from another liquid using the preferential solubility of these solutes in the MSA. For instance, wash oils can be used to remove phenols mid polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from die aqueous wastes of synthetic-fuel plants and chlorinated hydrocarbons from organic wastewater. 

Although the major concern about the fate of organic pollntants in soil has been about pesticides in agricultural soils, other scenarios are also important. The disposal of wastes on land (e.g., at landfill sites) has raised questions about movement of pollutants contained in them into the air or neighboring rivers or water conrses. The presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PAHs in snch wastes can be a significant source of pollution. Likewise, the disposal of some industrial wastes in landfill sites (e.g., by the chemical industry) raises questions about movement into air or water and needs to be carefully controlled and monitored. 

With the recent Increase In activity at hazardous waste sites where cleanup and remedial action are underway, there has emerged a need for rapid analytical methods for assessing contamination in water, sediment, and soil. Of special Interest, because of widespread use and disposal. Is the group of materials known as PCB s (polychlorinated biphenyls). 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

Wen S, Yang F, Li JG, Gong Y, Zhang XL, Hui Y, Wu YN, Zhao YF, Xu Y (2009) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere 74(7) 981-987. doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.002... 

The use of nanoscale materials in the dean-up of hazardous waste sites is termed nanoremediation. Remediation of soil contaminated with pentachloro phenol using NZVI was studied [198]. In a separate study, soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls was treated using iron nanopartides [194], NZVI and iron oxide have been suggested to be used as a colloidal reactive barrier for in situ groundwater remediation due to its strong and spedfic interactions with Pb and As compounds [199]. 

Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E (2007) Simultaneous sonication-assisted extraction, and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates and polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge from waste-water treatment plants. Anal Chim Acta 584 455 161... 

Chemicals degraded by WRF include pesticides such as organochlorines DDT and its very toxic metabolite DDE [8, 9] and organophosphate pesticides such as chlorpyrifos, fonofos and terbufos [10] polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of different degrees of chlorine substitution [11-13], some even to mineralization [14, 15] diverse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in liquid media and from contaminated soils or in complex mixtures such as creosote [16-18] components of munition wastes including TNT and its metabolites DNT [19-23], nitroglycerin [24] and RDX [25]. 

Korrick, S. A. and L. Altshul. 1998. High breast milk levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) among four women living adjacent to a PCB-contaminated waste site. Environ. Health Perspec. 106 513-518. 

Neostar A process for destroying waste organic chlorides (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) by heating with steam and hydrogen at over 1,000°C. The products are methane, ethane, other chlorine-free hydrocarbons, and hydrochloric acid. Developed by Cerchar, France. 

Relube A process for removing sulfur and chlorine compounds from waste oils, particularly those contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls. Developed by Kinetics Technology International, The Netherlands, and operated first in Greece. 

Such analytical measurements are necessary to establish concentrations for most agents in the environment. How much benzene is present in the air at gasoline stations as a result of its evaporation from gasoline What is the concentration of arsenic in water running off the surface of a hazardous waste site where unknown amounts of arsenic were buried over many years What is the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration in fish swimming in waters next to a hazardous waste site known to contain this substance How much aflatoxin is in a batch of peanut butter The most reliable answers to these questions are those resulting from chemical analysis. 

Such xenobiotics as aliphatic hydrocarbons and derivatives, chlorinated ahphatic compounds (methyl, ethyl, methylene, and ethylene chlorides), aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives (benzene, toluene, phthalate, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and phenol), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic compounds (chlorophenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and relatives, DDT and relatives), AZO dyes, compounds with nitrogroups (explosive-contaminated waste and herbicides), and organophosphate wastes can be treated effectively by aerobic microorganisms. 

The Universal Demercurization Process, or UNIDEMP , is an ex situ process for removing mercury from a variety of solid and aqueous mercury waste streams such as metals, concrete, soils, asbestos, plastic, and cable as well as amalgams and mercury compounds. The process can also treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and halogenated organics. UNIDEMP is a mobile system that volatizes and condenses mercury in a countercurrent rotating furnace at temperatures from 550 to 650°C. Celsius. 

The vendor claims that the TDR process can be used to treat soil and sludge contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls, polynuclear aromatic compounds, solvents, dioxins, furans, organic pesticides and herbicides, solvents, petroleum wastes, as well as nonhalogenated volatile and semivolatile compounds. The treated residuals from the process include recovered water, oil that can be used for recycling as an alternative fuel or for recycling or can be disposed, and clean soil that can be used as backfill. The volume of treated sludge is reduced by as much as 95% by this thermal process, depending on the initial level of contaminants. 

HCZyme has been demonstrated in bench-scale tests and at field remediations to be effective on benzene, toluene, ethylene, and xylene (BTEX), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene (DCE), mineral spirits, fuel oils, motor oils, and hydraulic fluids. The vendor claims that HCZyme has been tested and used on over 2 million tons of petroleum-contaminated soils and is effective in breaking down petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), creosote, sludges, waste oils, free product, tank bottoms, and other chlorinated compounds (D18208L, p. 15). 

Because it is a nonselective treatment, chemical oxidation is best suited for media with low concentrations of contaminants. This technology has been demonstrated to be effective in treating wastes contaminated with halogenated and nonhalogenated volatile and semivolatile compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, cyanides, and volatile and nonvolatile metals. 

According to DTC, typical operating costs range from 50 to 100 per feed ton (0.91 metric tons) for refinery-type wastes, and 100 to 200 per feed ton for soil remediation. DTC notes that estimates are feed and product quality sensitive and site specific. Remediation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated soil must also take into account the cost of destroying the concentrated PCB product (D110410, p. 7). 

Vendors claim that variations of this technology can treat virtually aU organic wastes, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), dioxins, creosotes, pesticides, wood preservatives, solvents, coal tar wastes, and chlorinated organics. 

Inorganic wastes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, pesticides, cyanides, or cor-... 

The Microwave-Assisted Process (MAP ) technology uses microwaves, and solvents that are relatively transparent to microwaves, to extract chemicals from various matrices based on the temperature differential between the solvent and the target compound. According to the developers, the technology is applicable to soils and wastes containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and other organic compounds. 

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