Iron nanopartides

Cho, S.J., Jarrett, B.R., Louie, A.Y. and Kauzlarich, S.M. (2006) Gold-coated iron nanopartides a novel magnetic resonance agent for T-l and T-2 weighted imaging. Nanotechnology,... 

Xiaomin, N., Xiaobo, S., Huagui, Z., Dongen, Z., Dandan, Y. and Qingbiao, Z. (2005) Studies on the one-step preparation of iron nanopartides in solution. Journal of Crystal Growth, 275 (3—4), 548-553. 

Huang, K.C. and Ehrman, S.H. (2007) Synthesis of iron nanopartides via chemical reduction with palladium ion seeds. Langmuir, 23 (3), 1419—1426. 

The use of nanoscale materials in the dean-up of hazardous waste sites is termed nanoremediation. Remediation of soil contaminated with pentachloro phenol using NZVI was studied [198]. In a separate study, soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls was treated using iron nanopartides [194], NZVI and iron oxide have been suggested to be used as a colloidal reactive barrier for in situ groundwater remediation due to its strong and spedfic interactions with Pb and As compounds [199]. 

The use of ultrasound radiation for polymerizing various monomers was reviewed in [la]. Here we will discuss how ultrasound waves have been used successfully been to embed ultrafine metallic partides in a polymeric matrix. The first report was by Wizel and coworkers [57]. They used ultrasound radiation to prepare a composite material made of polymethylacrylate and amorphous iron nanopartides. 

Figure 3.137 Hollow iron-iron oxide nanoc7Stals formed by the nano-Kirkendall effect. TEM images of iron-iron oxide nanopartides exposed to dry 20% oxygen, (a) <1 min at room temperature (b) 1 h at 80°C (c) 12 h at80°C (d) 5 min at 150°C (e) 1 h at 150°C (f) 1 h at 350°C on a substrate (g,h) High-resolution of partial and fully oxidized iron nanopartides. The low- and high-resolution scale bars correspond to 100 and 6nm,...

Figure 3.145 Zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetization scans for the 2 nm spherical iron nanopartides and the 2nmx11nm iron nanorods at the applied magnetic field of 100 Oe. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82] 2000, American Chemical Society.

W. Xia, X. Chen, S. Kundu, X. Wang, G. Grundmeier, Y. Wang, M. Bron, W. Schuhmann, M. Muhler, Chemical vapor synthesis of secondary carbon nanotubes catalyzed by iron nanopartides electrodeposited on primary carbon nanotubes. Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2007) 9232-9237. 

An analysis of the obtained temperature dependencies of the permittivity of the nanocomposite materials based on the low-density polyethylene with various concentrations (2-22%) of iron nanopartides leads to the following condusions. 

Laurent, S., Bridot, J.L., Elst, L.V. and Muller, R.N. (2010) Magnetic iron oxide nanopartides for biomedical applications. Future Medicinal Chemistry, 2 (3), 427 149. 

Lee, C.M., Jeong, H.J., Lim, S.T., Sohn, M.H. and Kim, D.W. (2010) Synthesis of iron oxide nanopartides with control over shape using imidazolium-based ionic liquids. ACS Applied Materials S, Interfaces, 2 (3), 756-759. 

Kramer, J., Redel, E., Thomann, R. and Janiak, C. (2008) Use of ionic liquids for the synthesis of iron, ruthenium, and osmium nanopartides from their metal carbonyl precursors. Organometallics,... 

The magnetic metals were also prepared by a method [25] based on the rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions (RESS) coupled with chemical reduction to produce nickel, cobalt, iron, and iron oxide nanopartides of reasonably narrow size distribution. Under the protection of a polymer stabilization agent, the largely amorphous metal nanopartides form stable suspensions in room-temperature solvents. 

Wizel later extended her study and included another metallic nanopartide, cobalt, and an additional polymer, poly(methylmethacrylate), in her metal-polymer composite research [58]. A significant difference in the solubility of the iron-poly(methylacrylate) and cobalt-poly(methylacrylate) in various solvents was observed. While the iron-poly(methylacrylate) composite (FePMA) and iron-poly(methylmethacrylate) composite (FePMMA) dissolved in chloroform, acetone, and toluene at room temperature, the corresponding cobalt-poly(methylacrylate) composite (CoPMA) was insoluble in these solvents at room temperature. At elevated temperatures (45 °C), dissolution of CoPMA in these solvents was observed. This difference is accounted for by the stronger interaction existing between the cobalt and the surrounding polymer. For iron-poly(methylacrylate) this interaction is weakened due to the formation of an iron complex. The Mw of the various polymers and composites as a function of the metal-to-monomer weight ratio was measured and reported. 

This bond length reduction is not the least of the structural features specific to nanopartides. Both experiment and theory [92] revealed unusual symmetries such as icosahedral or polyicosahedral structures. Study of free iron dusters [93] confirmed a dramatic and irregular increase in the ionisation potential for particles with less than 30 atoms. Intermediate maxima around 15 atoms indicated lower stabihty in this size region corresponding to incomplete atomic shells. Mass spectra of Ni and Co dusters from 50 to 800atoms corresponded to icosahedral shell structures. 

The synthetic approach developed for the synthesis of platinum-iron binary alloy nanopartides was subsequently adopted for the preparation of several other binary alloy nanopartides, such as FePd [90] or MnPt [91]. However, these alloys required further structural characterization, as well as further developments of the methods for controlling the partide size, shape, and composition. 

The maximum SAR calculated for pure Fe- and Co-based systems can be significantly higher compared to iron oxide nanopartides [204, 284, 285]. However, the main concern for use for in vivo applications is their potential toxicity assodated with the release of cytotoxic Co ions. 

One of the most important aspects of nanoparticles in biomedical applications is their surface functionalization in order to improve their biocompatibility with biological entities, and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is very useful technique that provides information about iron oxides in their ground electronic state, and when this material is bonding with a polymeric coating provides information about mechanism of functionalized magnetic nanopartides. This technique is widely used in characterization nanopartides due to its simplicity and availability. In magnetite structure it provides information about the excitation of vibration or rotation of the trivalent and divalent iron cations and allows knowing the occupied sites when the divalent iron is replaced with other cations. 

Berry Catherine, C, Stephen Wells, Stuart Charles, Adam S.G. Curtis. (2003) Dextran and albumin derivatised iron oxide nanopartides influence on fibroblasts in vitro. Biomaterials, Volume 24, Issue 25, pp 4551-4557. 

Effect of initial pH and temeprature of iron salt solutions on formation of magnetite nanopartides. Materials chemistry and Physics Volume 103, Issue l,ppl68-175. 

Gupta Ajay Kumar and Mona Gupta. (2005). Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanopartides for biomedical applications. Biomaterials, Volume 26, Issue 18, pp 3995-4021. 

Hamed Arami, Zachary Stephen, Omid Veiseh and Miqin Zhang. (2011). Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide Nanopartides for Molecular Imaging and Drug Delivery, Chitosan for biomaterials I, Advances in Polymer Science, Volume 243/2011,163-184, DOI 10.1007/12 2011 121. 

A typical TEM image of hybrid magnetic nanowires is shown in Figures 50(a) and 50(b). As the polymeric parts lack enough contrast in the TEM characterization, they appear transparent. When iron oxide nanopartides are formed, they... 

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