Dibenzo polybrominated

As shown by several investigations [91], the bromine-rich polybromide phase by itself is hardly flammable and fireextinguishing properties have been reported occasionally. The formation of polybrominated dibenzo-dioxins (PBrDD) and furans (PBrDF) due to the plastic-containing housing of a zinc-flow battery cannot be totally neglected in the case of a fire, but their concentrations are far away from the tetrachloro dibenzodioxine (TCDD) toxic equivalents even in a worst-case scenario. 

M. Freiberg, D.L. McAllister, C.J. Mazac, P. Ranken Analysis of Trace Levels of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Brominated Flame Retardants Presented on June 30, 1993 at Orgabrom 93 in Jerusalem. 

Buser H-R (1986) Polybrominated dibenofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins thermal reaction products of polybro-minated diphenyl ether flame retardants. Environ Sci Technol 20 404-408. 

Eljarrat E, De La Cal A, Larrazabal D, Fabrellas B, Femandez-Alba AR, Borrull F, Marce RM, Barcelo D (2005) Occurrence of polybrominated diphenylethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in coastal sediments from Spain. Environ Pollut 136(3) 493-501... 

Leung AOW, Luksemburg WJ, Wong AS, Wong MH (2007) Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo furans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China. Environ Sci Technol 41 2730-2737... 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

Wen S, Yang F, Li JG, Gong Y, Zhang XL, Hui Y, Wu YN, Zhao YF, Xu Y (2009) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere 74(7) 981-987. doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.002... 

Fig. 7 Generic chemical structures of polyhalogenated compounds. X=C1, Br. (I) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) (II) chlorophenols (CPs), bromophenols (BPs) (III) polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (IV) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PBDD) (V) polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), polybrominated dibenzofuran (PBDF) (VI) tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)...

WHO/ICPS (1998) Environmental Health Criteria 205 polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. World Health Organization, Geneva... 

Polybrominated biphenyls (No. 152,1994) Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (No. 205,1998) Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls (No. 2,1976,1st edition) ... 

It would be helpful to develop data determining the accuracy of PBDE determinations (e.g., percent recovery) in environmental samples. Methods for determining degradation products and metabolites of PBDE are needed. There is no information in the literature of detectable biodegradation of PBDEs in the environment under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The analysis of PBDE pyrolysis degradation products, such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), is often disturbed by the presence of PBDEs. Ebert et al. (1999) demonstrated that by using a Florisil column ina sample clean-up process, almost complete separation of PBDEs and PBDD/Fs is achieved before analysis by GC-MS. 

Berry DL, Slaga TJ, DiGiovarmi J, et al. 1979. Studies with chlorinated dibenzo-(p)-dioxins, polybrominated biphenyls, and polychlorinated biphenyls in a two-stage system of mouse skin tumorigenesis Potent anticarcinogenic effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 320 405-414. 

Cramer PH, Ayling RE, Thornburg KR, et al. 1990. Evaluation of an analytical method for the determination of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDF) in human adipose. Chemosphere 20(7-9) 821-827. 

Ebert J, Lorenze W, Bahadir M. 1999. Optimization of the analytical performance of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofiirans (PBDD-F). Chemosphere 39(6) 977-986. 

Loganathan BG, Kannn K, Watanabe, et al. 1995. Isomer-specific determination and toxic evaluation of polychlrinated biphenyls, polychlorinated/brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated biphenyl ethers, and extractable organic halogen in carp from the Buffalo River, New York. Environ Sci Technol 29(7) 1832-1838. 

Luijk R, Covers HAJ. 1992. The formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs) during pyrolysis of polymer blends containing brominated flame retardants. Chemosphere 25(3) 361-374. 

Lutes CC, Charles MJ, Odum JR, et al. 1992. Chamber aging studies on the atmospheric stability of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ Sci Technol 26(5) 991-998. 

Mennear JH, Lee C-C. 1994. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans literature review and health assessment. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 102 265-274. 

Watanabe I, Kawano M, Tatsukawa R. 1995. Polybrominated and mixed polybromo/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenxofurans in the Japanese environment. Organohalogen Compounds 24 337-240. 

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-(p)-Dioxins and Dibenzo-Furans. Another group of compounds that we need to specifically address are the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) (Fig. 2.15). The PCDDs and PCDFs are not intentionally produced but are released into the environment from various combustion processes and as a result of their occurrence as unwanted byproducts in various chlorinated chemical formulations (e.g., chlorinated phenols, chlorinated phenoxy herbicides see Alcock and Jones, 1996). Because some of the PCDD and PCDF congeners are very toxic (e.g., 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin, see margin), there have been and still are considerable efforts to assess their sources, distribution, and fate in the environment. Similarly to the PCBs or DDT (see above), the PCDDs and PCDFs are highly hydrophobic and very persistent in the environment. It is therefore not surprising that they have also been detected everywhere on earth (Brzuzy and Hites, 1996 Lohmann and Jones, 1998 Vallack et al., 1998). Finally, we should note that polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs, see margin) that, like the PBBs (see above), are used as flame retardants, are of increasing environmental concern (de Boer et al., 2000). 

Utkina NK, Denisenko VA, Virovaya MV, Scholokova OV, Prokofeva NG (2002) Two New Minor Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins from the Marine Sponge Dysidea dendyi. J Nat Prod 65 1213... 

Mason G, Zacharewiski T, Denomme MA, Safe L, Safe S (1987) Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Related Compounds Quantitative In Vivo and In Vitro Structure Activity Relationships. Toxicology 44 245... 

Malmvam A, Zebiihr Y, Jensen S, Kautsky L, Greyerz E, Nakano T, Asplund L (2005) Identification of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins in Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Baltic Sea. Environ Sci Technol 39 8235... 

Choi, J.W., Fujimaki, S., Kitamura, K., Hashimoto, S., Ito, H., Suzuki, N., Sakai, S., Morita, M., 2003. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 817-821. 

Kim, B.-H., Ikonomou, M.G., Lee, S.-J., Kim, H.-S., Chang, Y.-S., 2005e. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofu-rans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood samples from Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 336, 45-56. 

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-/ -Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Biphenyls, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in China ... 

As polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are compounds with similar structures and monitoring methods, they are discussed together in this chapter. The structures of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and PBDEs are shown in Fig. 4.1. 

Kang, Y.S., Matsuda, M., Kawano, M., Wakimito, T., Min, B.Y., 1997. Organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofu-rans in human adipose tissue from Western Kyungnam, Korea. Chemosphere 35, 2107-2117. 

Birnbaum, L.S., D.F. Staskal, and J.J. Diliberto. 2003. Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo- -dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). Environ. Int. 29 855-860. 

Barring, H., Bucheli, T.D., Broman, D., Gustafsson, 6. (2002) Soot-water distribution coefficients for polychlorinated dibenzo-/ -dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenylethers determined with the soot cosolvency-column method. Chemosphere 49, 515-523. 

---