Types of refineries

Each refinery is designed to manufacmre products as economically as possible based on the best knowledge available with regard to end product needs, future expansion plans, crude availability and other pertinent factors. 

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We cite isomerization of Cs-Ce paraffinic cuts, aliphatic alkylation making isoparaffinic gasoline from C3-C5 olefins and isobutane, and etherification of C4-C5 olefins with the C1-C2 alcohols. This type of refinery can need more hydrogen than is available from naphtha reforming. Flexibility is greatly improved over the simple conventional refinery. Nonetheless some products are not eliminated, for example, the heavy fuel of marginal quality, and the conversion product qualities may not be adequate, even after severe treatment, to meet certain specifications such as the gasoline octane number, diesel cetane number, and allowable levels of certain components. 

Risk screening relies upon generic frequency data to provide conservative approximations of individual and aggregate risks. Table 4.9 offers an example of generic frequencies for major explosions for certain types of refinery process units. A methodology is also offered to predict expected event frequencies where generic data are not available. 

Lastly, we may expect to see more consideration given to the allhydrocracking refinery. This type of refinery offers the advantages of simplicity, flexibility for producing gasoline, jet, and lubricating oils, and favorable environmental factors both within the refinery and in the marketplace. 

Nevertheless, there have been some successful attempts to define the behavior of residua (and heavy oils) during the hydrodesulfurization process in terms of physical composition, which has also led to the development of process modifications to suit various heavy feedstocks. This line of investigation arose because of the tendency, over the years, to classify all residua (and heavy oils) as the same type of refinery discard which was, effectively, useless for further processing. The only exception is the production of asphalt from certain residua. It was only when... 

The process data can now be translated into refinery processing configurations. Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a typical sour crude refinery. While we realize that there is no such thing as a typical refinery, and many American refineries are not sour crude refineries, this figure represents what we believe to be a reasonable approximation of the type of refinery that will be operating in the United States in 1990. 

For convenience, the discussion of materials for these various processes is divided into five chapters. Crude units and utilities are discussed in this chapter. FCCs, fluid cokers, delayed cokers, sour water strippers, and sulfur plants are covered in Chapter Two. Desulfurizers, reformers, hydrocrackers, and flue gas are discussed in Chapter Three. Hydrogen plants, methanol plants, ammonia plants, and gas treating are discussed in Chapter Four. Underground piping, pipelines, production equipment, and tankage associated with the refinery industry are covered in Chapter Five. Discussed throughout these chapters are many common environments and equipment (e.g., sour or foul water, distillation, etc.) that appear in the various types of refinery process plants. 

Emission factors established by the EPA are frequently used to estimate total airborne emissions from different types of refinery equipment. These are called AP-42 emission factors. Most AP-42 factors do not provide information about the composition of emissions. The project s measurement program allowed for direct comparison between several measured or inferred emission rates and emissions calculated using these factors. 

The characteristics of palm oil refinery effluent vary according to the type of refinery operation (chemical or physical refining, fractionation process, etc.), process control, and housekeeping program. It is quite difficult to derive general characteristics for raw effluent. Therefore the choice of treatment system will depend very much on the complexity of the raw effluent, i.e., its flow and characteristics. 

The oil-oriented refineries often have no processes for secondary treatment of heavy fractions of crude oil. Thus, these refineries produce mainly lubricants and lubricating oils, but still produce fuels. The main processes in these types of refineries are processes that improve the quality of lubricating oils such as depar-affinization, hydrotreatment of heavy crude oil fractions, etc. 

This section will be limited to a discussion of antifoam applications commonly found in the refinery, a description of the processes, and the products used in those applications. For certain types of refinery processes, an antifoam is always required. In others, foaming is more symptomatic of an operational problem or contamination of the process fluids. In these cases, antifoams are used more as a quick fix until the causes of the foaming can be identified and eliminated. 

Type of refinery Investments (G ) Self-consumption (% wt of crude) H2 consumption... 

The selection of materials for refinery construction depends on the type of refinery, the type of crude oil to be refined, and the expected service life for each vessel. As with all materials selection, the life-cycle cost is of importance in addition to the purchase price. Table 4.45 lists some of the common alloys and their material costs relative to carbon steel. The costs listed are relative to carbon steel, which is assigned a value of 1.0. 

Data were calculated for different types of refineries all having primary (crude oil) distilling capacities in the order of 5 million tonnes/annum, followed by various configurations of secondary upgrading facilities (reformer, catalytic cracker, alkylation, etc.) gasoline production was about 700,000 tons/annum in each case. 

The book by Nelson provides a thorough discussion of many aspects of the petroleum industry, such as types and sources of crude, characterization of petroleum fraction, and types of refinery operations. 

According to royal decree of 3 February, 1988, a distinction is made among three types of refineries ... 

During desulfurization, the process streams are not very corrosive, so carbon steel or low-grade alloys are used in the construction of reformers. Because the feed is very clean to protect the catalyst, there will be very little fouling of these units. The deposits that will be present will be cyclic naphtha, which is the second type of refinery coke. These deposits require an oxidizing solution (such as chromic acid or permanganate). There may also be iron sulfides, if the upstream processes are not properly operating. 

Each procedure will be presented as a narrative explaining in detail the required steps. These, together with the others presented in this work, describe design methods for all types of refinery fractionation processes. This work does not consider the absorber since this is very rarely found in the refinery. In addition, the literature is well stocked with absorber design procedures only new or, at least, previously unpublished work is presented here. 

Although a pyrolysis gas quench lower physically appears to be very similar to other types of refinery fractionators considered previously, there is very little process similarity. Strictly speaking, a quench tower is a direct-contact gas cooler and scrubber, and any separation that occurs is limited to a single stage flash. However, this type of tower is included for discussion because the general calculation procedure is similar to those used elsewhere and because the analysis of the pyrolysis oil separation is handled most easily by using petroleum oil techniques. 

Baker and Kaaeid applied a membrane to condition gas streams eontaining H2 and hydrocarbons, destined for PSA separation. The difficulty that arises from this type of refinery and petrochemical streams is the presence of water vapor, heavier hydrocarbons, and H2S. These species cause a variety of problems in PSA they may adsorb preferentially onto the bed and reduce its capacity to adsorb the light hydrocarbons, giving rise to regeneration problems ... 

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