Pentachloro phenol

Weavers LK, Malmstadt N, Hoffmann MR (2000) Kinetics and mechanism of pentachloro-phenol degradation by sonication, ozonation and sonolytic ozonation. Environ Sci Tech 34 1280-1285... 

The use of nanoscale materials in the dean-up of hazardous waste sites is termed nanoremediation. Remediation of soil contaminated with pentachloro phenol using NZVI was studied [198]. In a separate study, soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls was treated using iron nanopartides [194], NZVI and iron oxide have been suggested to be used as a colloidal reactive barrier for in situ groundwater remediation due to its strong and spedfic interactions with Pb and As compounds [199]. 

Other miscellaneous derivatives of phenol include non-ionic detergents, aspirin, disinfectants (pentachloro phenol), adipic acid (a Nylon 66 intermediate), and plasticizers. 

Triebig, G, Krekeler, H., Gossler, K. Valentin, H. (1981) Investigations into neurotoxicity of work-related materials. II. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity in pentachloro-phenol-exposed persons. Int. Arch, occup. environ. Health, 48, 357-367 (in German)... 

Reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated phenols to phenol, cyclohexanol and other chlorine-free compounds takes place rapidly with hydrogen gas and Pd/C in an aqueous system or under solvent-free conditions. Thus, pentachloro phenol was able to be completely dechlorinated within 20 min (Scheme 4.45). This methodology enables a facile route for rapid and complete detoxification of highly toxic polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental remediation71,72. 

PCDD/Fs were determined in sediments from a harbor near a wood-pre-serving plan in Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, 1988. The plant used pentachloro-phenol [49]. TeCDDs and PnCDDs were below detection, 0.02-0.9 ngg 1 dw. Most important PCDD/Fs were OCDD (< 0.4-980ngg x), HpCDDs (< 0.4-320 ngg x), and OCDF (< 1-400 ngg-1). Lesser concentrations of HxDDs, HxCDFs, and HpCDFs were frequently present (< 0.03-36 ngg ). The contamination was highly associated with oil/grease and PAH concentrations, suggesting a common source. There is no indication from Lake Superior sedi-... 

Fig. 5.1. Separation of chlorophenol acetates (2-0.02 ng). Peaks 1 = 2-chloro 2 = 3-chloro 3 = 4-chloro 4 = 2,6-dichloro 5 = 2,5-dichloro 6 = 2,4-dichloio 7 = 3,4-dichloro 8 = 2,3-dichIoro 9 = 3,5-dichloro 10 = 2,4,6-trichloro 11 = 2,4,5-trichloro 12 = 2,3,4,6-tetrachloro 13 = pentachloro-phenol acetates. Conditions Pyrex glass column (25 m X 0.35 mm I.D.), dynamically coated with SE-30 temperature programme, 3°C/min (95-180°C) helium flow-rate, 2-3 ml/min splitting flow-rate, 0-60 ml/min. (Reproduced from J. Chromatogr. 131 (1977) 412.)...

Crosby DG (1981), Pure Appl. Chemistry S3 1052.. .Environmental chemistry of pentachloro-phenol"... 

Ho T-FL, Bolton JR (1998) Toxicity Changes During the UV Treatment of Pentachloro-phenol in Dilute Aqueous Solution, Wat. Res. 32, No. 2 489-497. 

Fig. 7.18 Direct irradiation of pentachloro-phenol in aqueous solution without auxiliary oxidant diminution of relative toxicity index (bacterial toxicity established by Toxichromo test using Escherichia coli), of organic chlorine in PCP [Cljorganic = 5[PCP]t) and of total or-...

SYNS DOW DORMANT FUNGICIDE DOWICIDE G-ST NAPCLOR-G PENTACHLOROPHENATE SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENOL, SODIUM SALT PENTACHLOROPHENOXY SODIUM PENTAPHEN-ATE SANTOBRITE SODIUM PCP SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE (DOT) SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENOL SODIUM PENTACHLORO-PHENOLATE SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENOXIDE WEEDBEADS... 

A rare example of photochemical cycloaddition to a C=N group is provided by the formation of benzoxazole (19) from pentachloro-phenol in acetonitrile. The photoconversion of 2-methylbenzo-phenone into the anthrone (20) involves two sequential photoprocesses via the E-enol (21) which under the influence of high intensity laser light absorbs a second photon to give the cyclized intermediate (22) which undergoes air-oxidation to (20) (Wilson et al.). 

Table 4 shows the results of mineralization experiments of some selected compounds obtained with the described automatic arrangement. Whereas pentachloro phenol and benzopyren are degraded relatively quickly, lindane, dieldrin, and 4,4 -DDT show a comparable lower mineralization rate. The results prove the sensitivity of the test method. A mineralization rate lower than 1% can be determined without any analytical difficulties[9 ]. ... 

Chlorophenols are a class of pesticide substances, e.g. fungicides, used for wood preservation, in pulp production and other miscellaneous applications. The substances were introduced in the 1930s and have been used in very large amounts. Today, the consumption has decreased and the substances are banned in many countries. The main active substance in chlorophenol products is pentachloro-phenol (PCP Figure 3.10). The substance is moderately lipophilic and persistent, yet readily absorbed and accumulated in biota and expresses a rather high acute toxicity. The metabolism and breakdown of this envirotoxicant in biota and in the environment are rather slow, resulting in successively dechlorinated metabolites. 

TABLE 21. Extent of the PT of pentachloro-phenol pyridine complexes in... 

Figure 3.2.17 Effect of deut-eration on the solid state proton spectrum of pentachloro-phenol with 4-methylpyridine. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44],...

The tolerance of the strains to high concentrations of pentachloro-phenol — S. chlorophenolica appears to be less sensitive than M. chlorophenolicus (Miethling and Karlson 1996). This may be attributed to the ability of the cells to adapt their metabolism to avoid synthesis of toxic concentrations of chlorinated hydroqui-nones, and this is consistent with the low levels of these metabolites measured in the cytoplasm of cells metabolizing pentachlorophe-nol (McCarthy et al. 1997). Inocula have also been immobilized on polyurethane which, in addition, ameliorates the toxicity of chlo-rophenols (Valo et al. 1990). 

Apajalahti, J.H.A. and M.S. Salkinoja-Salonen. 1987b. Complete dechlorination of tetrachlorohydroquinone by cell extracts of pentachloro-phenol induced Rhodo-coccus chlorophenolicus. J. Bacteriol. 169, 5125-5130. 

Pentachloro- phenol Environmental and indoor Higher frequency of autoantibodies than expected3 McConnachie Zahalsky (1991)... 

Table XI lists several current epidemiologic studies which improve upon earlier design limitations such as statistical power and exposure assessment. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are nearing completion of a large cohort mortality study of 7,000 U.S. chemical workers from 14 companies which produced trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-T and pentachloro-phenol. A particular asset of this study is the availability of good information on type and duration of exposure of the workers.

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