Contaminated soils, petroleum

Sarand I, S Timonen, E-L Nurmiaho-Lassila, T Koivula, K Haatela, M Romantschuk, R Sen (1998) Microbial biofilms and catabolic plasmid harbouring degradative fluorescent pseudomonads in Scots pine mycor-rhizospheres developed on petroleum contaminated soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 27 115-126. 

Potter TL. 1993. Analysis of petroleum contaminated soil and water An overview. In Calabrese EJ, Kostecki PT, eds. Principles and practices for petroleum contaminated soils. Ann Arbor, MI Lewis Publishers, 1-14. 

Colligan, T. H. and LaManna, J. M., 1993, Using Ultraviolet Light to Investigate Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Remediation, Spring, pp. 193-201. 

Fan, C.-Y., and Krishnamurthy, S., 1995, Enzymes for Enhancing Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils A Brief Review Air and Waste Management Association, Vol. 45, June, pp. 453 -60. 

Troxler, W.L., J.J. Cudahy, R.P. Zink, J.J. Yezzi, and S.I. Rosenthal. 1993. Treatment of nonhazardous petroleum-contaminated soils by thermal desorption technologies. Journal of die Air Waste Management Association 43(11) 1512-1525. 

Release of gasoline, lubricating oil, and fuel oils to the soil occurs from spills, leaks, loading and unloading operations. Disposal of petroleum-contaminated soil is now one of the major environmental tasks. 

In New York and Massachusetts where PCB contamination is always a possibility, the laboratory tests required by the state environmental protection agencies for analysis of a petroleum-contaminated soil are as follows (a) flash point (b) total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) (c) PCB screening (d) total organic halides (TOH) (e) reactivity of cyanide and sulfide (f) BTEX or equivalent (g) eight metals under TCLP (Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure) for USTs and (h) full range of tests under TCLP for ASTs and spills. 

Martin JH, Siebert AJ, Loehr RC. 1991. Estimating oil and grease content of petroleum-contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Engineering 117(3) 291-299. 

According to the vendor, the Bio-Spin process is applicable at sites containing more than 100 tons of petroleum-contaminated soil. All information was snppHed by the vendor and has not been independently verified. 

The BenCHEM soil washing system successfully treats inorganic mining ores and ore processing tailing wastes. The technology has also been successfully applied to petroleum-contaminated soils containing tetraethyl lead. 

HCZyme has been demonstrated in bench-scale tests and at field remediations to be effective on benzene, toluene, ethylene, and xylene (BTEX), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene (DCE), mineral spirits, fuel oils, motor oils, and hydraulic fluids. The vendor claims that HCZyme has been tested and used on over 2 million tons of petroleum-contaminated soils and is effective in breaking down petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), creosote, sludges, waste oils, free product, tank bottoms, and other chlorinated compounds (D18208L, p. 15). 

Soil roaster is a thermal desorption process specifically designed for the treatment of petroleum-contaminated soils, which is offered by ConTeck Environmental Services, Inc. According to the vendor, soil roaster is particularly designed for treating wet clay soils with a high potential for dust and feed equipment plugging. This technology is commercially available. 

According to the vendor, the technology is very competitive with alternative treatment technologies and disposal alternatives when used to bioremediate petroleum-contaminated soils. When compared with thermal treatment. Earth Tech s bioremediation price is typically 10 to 30%... 

FyreZyme, a proprietary product of Ecological Technologies International, Inc., is commercially available and has been utilized in full-scale field demonstrations on petroleum-contaminated soils and in groundwater. 

Enviro-Klean Technologies Inc s (EKTI) KLEAN-MACHINE is a patented ex situ, low-temperature thermal desorption technology used to treat petroleum-contaminated soils. The KLEAN-MACHINE treats soil contaminated with hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and petroleum hydrocarbons (with a carbon chain length of 45 carbons or less). The technology also cleans baghouse fines. 

FACT is an ex situ process that treats all biodegradable semivolatile organics compounds (SVOCs) including petroleum-contaminated soil. It has an advantage over other bioremediation technologies such as landfarming, in that it requires less space to degrade contaminants. 

IT Corporation (IT) conducted a critical evaluation of the direct application of surfactants to petroleum-contaminated soil to increase biological removal of the hydrocarbons. The technology... 

In a 1991 investigation of direct apphcation of surfactants to petroleum-contaminated soil, TT found that to make the technology work required a large amount of surfactant, which drove the price up. It determined that the costs did not justify the benefit and decided not to pursue the technology further (personal communication, Duane Graves, 1/2/97). 

According to the technology developer, the technology treats petroleum-contaminated soils, hazardous wastes, heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), semivolatUe organic compounds (SVOCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pesticides. 

In general, it is not possible to differentiate among the thermal desorbers based on cost. The costs are scale dependent, ranging from 90 to 130 per ton ( 99 to 143 per metric ton) for a 1000-ton (907-metric ton) site to 40 to 70 ( 44 to 77 per metric ton) for a 10,000-ton (9070-metric ton) site for mobile systems treating petroleum-contaminated soils and from 300 to 600 per ton ( 331 to 661 per metric ton) for a 1000-ton (907-metric ton) site to 150 to 200 ( 165 to 220 per metric ton) for a 10,000-ton (9070-metric ton) site mobile system operating at a Superfund site. Matrix moisture and contaminant type are critical parameters in analyzing desorption costs (D12901B, p. 2.5). 

TPS Technologies operates several stationary site thermal desorption units exclusively for the ex situ remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. After processing, the soil is tested by an independent laboratory and reused in commercial construction projects. According to the vendor, over 6000 projects have been completed. TPS has eight soil remediation facilities across the United States. 

The Model 100 mobile thermal processor is an ex situ technology that treats soil contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The processor treats petroleum-contaminated soil in a primary furnace and then incinerates any remaining combustibles in an afterburner. 

Figure 2. Landfarming of petroleum-contaminated soil. A 10-acre site for treatment of about 20 000 cubic yards of excavated soil.

Block, R. N., Clark, T. P. Bishop, M. (1990). Biological treatment of soils contaminated by petroleum products. In Petroleum Contaminated Soils, ed. P. T. Kostecki E. J. Calabrese, Vol. 3, pp. 167-75. Chelsea, MI Lewis Publishers. 

Green, G. (1990). The Use of Surfactants in the Bioremediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soils. USA Report No. EPA/101/F-90/013, NTIS Report No. PB90-256546. 

Effects of Carbon Source on Expression of Alcohol Oxidase Activity and on Morphologic Pattern of YR-1 Strain, a Filamentous Fungus Isolated from Petroleum-Contaminated Soils... 

Kong S-H, Watts RJ, Choi J-H. Treatment of petroleum-contaminated soils using iron-mineral-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide. Chemosphere 1998 37 1473-1482. 

Fan C-Y, Krishnamurthy S. Enzymes for enhancing bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils A brief review. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 1995 45 4453-4460. 

Mihial, D.J., Vrraraghavan, T., and Jin, Y.-C. 2006. Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil using composting. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management, 10 108-15. 

---