Immune deficient

FRACTIONATION,BLOOD - PLASMAFRACTIONATION] (Volll) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)... 

Secondary immunodeficiencies (9) are much more common than primary ones and frequently occur as a result of immaturity of the immune system in premature infants, immunosuppressive therapy, or surgery and trauma. Illnesses, particularly when prolonged and serious, have been associated with secondary immunodeficiencies, some of which may be reversible. Acquked immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (10—12) may be considered a secondary immunodeficiency disease caused by the human immunodeficiency vimses HIV-1 or HIV-2. Hitherto unknown, the disease began to spread in the United States during the latter part of the 1970s. The agent responsible for this infection has been isolated and identified as a retrovims. 

In 1983 the move to develop red cell substitutes intensified when it was recognized that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) could be transmitted by the blood-bome human immunodeficiency vims (HIV). Concern for the nation s blood supply followed. Since that time other retrovimses have been identified, efforts to screen blood not only for these agents but also for vimses that cause hepatitis have intensified, the indications for transfusion have been reevaluated, and the use of blood products has become much more efficient. More carehil screening of donors, testing of all donated units, and a general awareness in the donor population have all contributed to a decreased risk from transfusion-contracted AIDS. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) zero 0.0005 Skin changes thymus gland problems immune deficiencies reproductive or nervous system difficulties increased risk of cancer Runoff from landfils discharge of waste chemicals... 

However, several situations can be anticipated in which support of the immune system is required. These include congenital defects in the immune repertoire, acquired immune deficiencies such as in HIV infection, but also situations in which the immune system is compromised after treatment of patients, e.g., after radiation or chemotherapy. 

Gendelman HE, Baca LM, Turpin J, Kalter DC, Hansen B, Orenstein JM, Dieffenbach CW, Friedman RM, Meltzer MS (1990) Regulation of HIV rephcation in infected monocytes by IFN-alpha. Mechanisms for viral restriction. J Immunol 145 2669-26676 Giovannini M, Zuccotti GV, Biasucci G, Locatelh V, Riva E (1992) Combined zidovudine and interferon-alpha 2a therapy in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Int Med Res 20 295-301... 

Wiley CA, MasUah E, Morey M, Lemere C, DeTeresa R, Grafe M, Hansen L, Terry R (1991) Neocorfical damage during HIV infection. Ann Neurol 29(6) 651-657 Wiley CA, Schrier RD, Nelson JA, Lampert PW, Oldstone MB (1986) Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83(18) 7089-7093 Williams K, Westmoreland S, Greco J, Ratai E, Lentz M, Kim WK, Fuller RA, Kim JP, Autissier... 

Barohn RJ, Gronseth GS et al (1993) Peripheral nervous system involvement in a large cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Arch Neurol 50(2) 167-171 Behar R, Wiley C et al (1987) Cytomegalovirus polyradiculoneuropathy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Neurology 37(4) 557-561... 

Eidelberg D, Sotrel A et al (1986) Progressive polyradiculopathy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Neurology 36(7) 912-916... 

Skopehtis EE, Kokotis PI et al (2006) Distal sensory polyneuropathy in HIV-positive patients in the HAART era an entity underestimated by clinical examination. Int J STD AIDS 17(7) 467-472 Smyth K, Affandi JS et al (2007) Prevalence of and risk factors for HIV-associated neuropathy in Melbourne, Australia 1993-2006. HIV Med 8(6) 367-373 Snider WD, Simpson DM et al (1983) Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome analysis of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 14(4) 403-418 So YT, Olney RK (1994) Acute lumbosacral polyradiculopathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome experience in 23 patients. Ann Neurol 35(l) 53-58 So YT, Holtzman DM et al (1988) Peripheral neuropathy associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Prevalence and clinical features from a population-based survey. Arch Neurol 45(9) 945-948... 

There is much concern for the safety of personnel handling articles contaminated with pathogenic viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HB V) and human immunodeficiency vims (HIV) which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Some agents have been recommended for disinfection of HBV and HIV depending on the circumstances and level of contamination these are hsted in Table 10.4. Disinfectants must be able to treat rapidly and reliably accidental spills of blood, body fluids or secretions from HIV infected patients. Such spills may contain levels of HIV as high as lO" infectious units/ml. Recent evidence Irom the Medical Devices Agency evaluation of disinfectants against HIV indicated that few chemicals could destroy the vims in a... 

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV lymphadenopathy-associated virus, LAV human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 3, HTLV III) is responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS see Chapter 3). Because of the hazard and difficulties of growing the virus outside humans, a different approach has to be examined for determining viral sensitivity to disinfectants. 

AGEPC l-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-iw-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine also known as PAF and APRL AH Acetylhydrolase AID Autoimmune disease AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome... 

Specific concomitant medications or consumptions (check specific statin package insert for warnings) fibrates (especially gemfibrozil, but other fibrates too), nicotinic acid (rarely), cyclosporine, azole antifungals such as itraconazole and ketoconazole, macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin and clarithromycin, protease inhibitors used to treat Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, nefazodone (antidepressant), verapamil, amiodarone, large quantities of grapefruit juice (usually more than 1 quart per day), and alcohol abuse (independently predisposes to myopathy)... 

Reactions to sulfonamide antibiotics, ranging from mild (most common) to life-threatening (rare), occur in 2% to 4% of healthy patients, with rates as high as 60% in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 

Document any risk factors for allergic reactions such as chronic urticaria, liver or kidney disease, human immunodeficiency virus, or any other immune deficiencies. 

For non-HIV-infected patients who have suppressed immune systems, the practitioner must consider the patient s risk of dissemination. Patients with cell-mediated immune deficiency but near-normal granulocyte function, such as patients... 

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981, and described in a cohort of young homosexual men with significant immune deficiency. Since then, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been clearly identified as the major cause of AIDS.1 HIV-2 is much less prevalent than HIV-1, but also causes AIDS. HIV primarily targets CD4+ lymphocytes, which are critical to proper immune system function. If left untreated, patients experience a prolonged asymptomatic period followed by rapid, progressive immunodeficiency. Therefore, most complications experienced by patients with AIDS involve opportunistic infections and cancers. 

HIV is relatively effective, but it is unable to completely clear the infection, and the patient enters a latent, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic stage lasting 5 to 15 years. During this time, a high rate of viral replication can be seen in the lymph nodes. Eventually immune deficiency occurs when the body is no longer able to replenish helper T cells at a rate equal to that at which HIV is destroying them. 

AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. (Adapted from the DHHS Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents, April 7, 2005.)... 

Postoperative major surgery Acquired immune deficiency... 

AIDS Acquired immune-deficiency syndrome BCP Birth control pill... 

De Clercq E. New perspectives for the chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Verh K Acad Geneeskd... 

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