In situ remediation groundwater

The use of nanoscale materials in the dean-up of hazardous waste sites is termed nanoremediation. Remediation of soil contaminated with pentachloro phenol using NZVI was studied [198]. In a separate study, soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls was treated using iron nanopartides [194], NZVI and iron oxide have been suggested to be used as a colloidal reactive barrier for in situ groundwater remediation due to its strong and spedfic interactions with Pb and As compounds [199]. 

Su C., Puls R.W., Arsenate and arsenite removal by zero-valent iron kinetics, redox transformation, and implications for in situ groundwater remediation, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35,2001, 1487-1992. 

Vance, D. B., 1998, Redox Reactions for in-Situ Groundwater Remediation Environmental Technology, September/October, p. 45. 

In situ redox manipulation (ISRM) is an in situ, groundwater remediation technology for manipulating the oxidation-reduction (redox) potential of an unconfined aquifer to immobilize inorganic contaminants (metals, inorganic ions, and radionuclides) and to destroy organic contaminants (primarily chlorinated hydrocarbons). 

Borchert, S. Sick, M. (1992). The vacuum-vaporizer-well (UVB) technology for in situ groundwater remediation Brief description of technology and three case studies. In Proceedings, International Symposium on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, Hungary, October 12—16, 1992. 

Kiister E, Dorusch F, Vogt C, Weiss H, Altenburger R. 2004. On line biomonitors used as a tool for toxicity reduction evaluation of in situ groundwater remediation techniques. Biosensors Bioelectronics 19 1711-1722. 

Passivation of iron granulates in permeable barriers used for in situ groundwater remediation may result in a shorter life time and in contaminant breakthrough earlier than expected. Therefore, mineral reactions or generally the effect of other groundwater constituents on the long term reactivity of iron is of major interest for the application of this technology in environmental clean up. For interpretation of column experiments it is also important to estimate the effect of flow velocity on the extent of passivation due to mineral reactions. 

Hopkins GD,Munakata,J,Semprini L, McCarty PL (1993) Trichloroethylene concentration effects on pilot field-scale in-situ groundwater bio remediation by phenol-oxidizing microorganisms. Environ Sci Technol 27 2542-2547... 

Applicability/Limitations. In-situ treatment can be used when it is uneconomical to haul or when infeasible or uneconomical to dig or pump the contaminated waste matrix for treatment in a reactor. This approach should be used whenever excavation or removal causes an increased threat to human health. It can reduce the cost of a remediation program. Because chemicals are applied to the contaminated waste matrix, specifically soil and groundwater, a potential exists for reaction with the soil. Permeability problems can occur as the result of precipitate formation. This can result in inadequate mixing of the contaminant with the treatment chemical. Gas generation may also occur. 

Roote, D.S., In-Situ Flushing, Groundwater Remediation Technologies Analysis Center (GWRTAC), Technology Overview Report, O Series TO-97-02, 1997. 

A permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is defined as an in situ method for remediating contaminated groundwater that combines a passive chemical or biological treatment zone with subsurface fluid flow management. Treatment media may include zero-valent iron, chelators, sorbents, and microbes to address a wide variety of groundwater contaminants, such as chlorinated solvents, other organics,... 

For the site remediation case shown in Figure 16.21, this alternative consists of in situ SVE of TCE-contaminated soil (Area 2), in situ soil fixation of lead-contaminated soil (Area 1), cap (Area 1), and the groundwater pump-and-treat components of Alternative 3. 

Integrated vapor extraction and steam vacuum stripping can simultaneously treat groundwater and soil contaminated with VOCs. The system developed by AWD Technologies consists of two basic processes a vacuum stripping tower that uses low-pressure steam to treat contaminated ground-water and a soil gas vapor extraction/reinjection process to treat contaminated soil. The two processes form a closed-loop system that provides simultaneous in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil with no air emission. 

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