Oil extraction

Prepress solvent extraction. In this process the oil-bearing material are first mildly pressed mechanically by means of a continuous screw press operation to reduce the oil by half to two-thirds of its original level before solvent extraction to remove the remaining oil in the pre-pressed cake. Pressing follow by solvent extraction is more commonly used when high oil content materials (e.g., canola/rapeseed, flaxseed, com germ) are processed. 

Solvent (hexane) extraction of soybeans is a diffusion process achieved by immersing solid in solvent or by percolating solvent through a bed of solids. Rotary (deep-bed), horizontal belt, and continuous loop extractors are used for soybeans (Woerfel 1995). Solvent is recovered from the mixture of solvent and extracted oil (miscella) by double-effect evaporator and steam stripping and from flake by a desolventizer-toaster, and is recycled. 

Although mechanical pressing of soybeans accounts for a only very small percentage of soybean processing, it is used by many farm cooperatives or family-owned on-farm operations in the US, primarily to produce protein meals for use as animal feed. 

Solvent extraction Extrusion-expelling Screw pressing 

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Note on the laboratory preparation of monoethylaniline. Although the laboratory preparation of monomethyl- or monoethyl-aniline is hardly worth whUe, the following experimental details may be useful to those who wish to prepare pure monoethylaniline directly from amline. In a flask, fitted with a double surface reflux condenser, place 50 g. (49 ml.) of aniline and 65 g. of ethyl bromide, and boU gently for 2 hours or until the mixture has almost entirely sohdified. Dissolve it in water and boil off the small quantity of unreacted ethyl bromide. Render the mixture alkaUne with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, extract the precipitated bases with three 50 ml. portions of ether, and distil off the ether. The residual oil contains anihne, mono- and di-ethylaniline. Dissolve it in excess of dilute hydrochloric acid (say, 100 ml. of concentrated acid and 400 ml. of water), cool in ice, and add with stirring a solution of 37 g. of sodium nitrite in 100 ml. of water do not allow the temperature to rise above 10°. Tnis leads to the formation of a solution of phenyl diazonium chloride, of N-nitrosoethylaniline and of p-nitrosodiethylaniline. The nitrosoethylaniline separates as a dark coloured oil. Extract the oil with ether, distil off the ether, and reduce the nitrosoamine with tin and hydrochloric acid (see above). The yield of ethylaniline is 20 g. 

Lubricating Oil Extraction. Aromatics are removed from lubricating oils to improve viscosity and chemical stabihty (see Lubrication and lubricants). The solvents used are furfural, phenol, and Hquid sulfur dioxide. The latter two solvents are undesirable owing to concerns over toxicity and the environment and most newer plants are adopting furfural processes (see Furan derivatives). A useful comparison of the various processes is available (219). 

Green coloration, present in many vegetable oils, poses a particular problem in oil extracted from immature or damaged soybeans. Chlorophyll is the compound responsible for this defect. StmcturaHy, chlorophyll is composed of a porphyrin ring system, in which magnesium is the central metal atom, and a phytol side chain which imparts a hydrophobic character to the stmcture. Conventional bleaching clays are not as effective for removal of chlorophylls as for red pigments, and specialized acid-activated adsorbents or carbon are required. 

Soybean meal is the most frequently used source of supplemental protein in the United States (5). Cottonseed meal is another important protein supplement. Both meals are by-products from oil extraction of the seeds. Canola meal is derived from rapeseed low in emcic acid [112-86-7] and glucosinolates. Linseed (derived from flax seed), peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, coconut, and palm kernel meals are other sources of supplemental protein that are by-products of oil extraction (4). 

Another process employed to increase the formation of volatile compounds in fmit is that of bioregulators. When a bioregulator is appHed to lemon trees an increase in both the aldehyde and alcohol fractions of the lemon oil extracted from the fmit of the treated lemon trees was observed (78). 

Miscellaneous Applications. PEIs and their derivatives ate used as cementation auxihaties in cmde oil exploration (459), and for breaking cmde oil emulsions (460) in cmde oil extraction. Seed coatings of water-soluble copolymers containing polyethyleneimine have been developed (461). Polyethyleneimine derivatives have positive photoresist properties (462) amidated polyethyleneimines improve the flow properties of cement (463) and with few exceptions, A/-acyla2iddines act as chemical sterilisers for insects (464). 

Fig. 3. Discontinuous deoiling of soy lecithin. 1, Acetone storage tank 2, lecithin storage tank 3, mixer 4, separation tank 5, filter/decanter 6, dryer 7, classifier 8, oil misceUa tank 9, evaporator 10, oil extract tank 11, condenser and 12, acetone storage tank.

Data vary with efficiency of dehulling and oil extraction, variety of seed, and climatic conditions during growth. Red skins or testa. 

In some cases, a mixture of natural petroleum feedstock is preblended with synthetic alkylated aromatics, such as detergent aromatic alkylate bottoms or with first-intent synthetic mono- or dialkylated aromatics, selected to provide a suitable molecular weight for cosulfonation and subsequent processing. The use of blended feedstocks may eliminate the need for conducting an oil extraction—concentrating step, particularly for a typical 40% Ca or Mg petroleum sulfonated product. 

Oil and Petrochemicals. There are a variety of uses for defoamers in oil recovery. They are used in some of the materials used in oil extraction, such as in drilling muds and cement lining, and also directly with the cmde oil itself. In its natural state cmde oil contains dissolved gases held by high reservoir pressure. When this Hve cmde oil is extracted and passed into the low pressure environment of a gas-oil separator, the dissolved gases are... 

The major component of the oil extracted from bell peppers has been shown, initially on the basis of mass spectral studies but subsequently by total synthesis, to be 2-methoxy-3-... 

FIG. 22-38 Tbe variation of adsorption density, oil-droplet contact angle, and oil-extraction recovery of bematite as a function of pH. To convert gram-moles per square centimeter to pound-moles per square foot, multiply hy 2.048. [From Raghavan and Fuerstenau, Am. Inst. Cbem. Eng. Symp. Ser., 71(150), 59... 

Lube oil extraction plants often use phenol as solvent. Phenol is used because of its solvent power with a wide range of feed stocks and its ease of recovery. Phenol preferentially dissolves aromatic-type hydrocarbons from the feed stock and improves its oxidation stability and to some extent its color. Phenol extraction can be used over the entire viscosity range of lube distillates and deasphalted oils. The phenol solvent extraction separation is primarily by molecular type or composition. In order to accomplish a separation by solvent extraction, it is necessary that two liquid phases be present. In phenol solvent extraction of lubricating oils these two phases are an oil-rich phase and a phenol-rich phase. Tne oil-rich phase or raffinate solution consists of the "treated" oil from which undesirable naphthenic and aromatic components have been removed plus some dissolved phenol. The phenol-rich phase or extract solution consists mainly of the bulk of the phenol plus the undesirable components removed from the oil feed. The oil materials remaining... 

Figure 3.6 Two-dimensional gas chromatogram of an oi ange oil extract, in which a 2 s heait-cut has been made in the region A where /3-miycene has eluted on a non-polar column. Secondary analysis on a polar Carbowax 20 M column indicated two compounds (marked B and C), both identified as odoi ous by organoleptic assessment. Reproduced from R A. Rodriguez and C. L. Eddy, ]. Chromatogr Sci. 1986, 24, 18 (32).

Oil Extracted before the Oil Extracted after the Formation of the Buds. 4. Oil Extracted from the Flowering Plants. 

Sulfurol, n. sulfocarbon oil (olive oil extracted from marc, esp. with CS2). 

The mixture was stirred for 2 hours, heated at 60° to 70°C for 1 hour and poured into 2 liters of H O. The resulting suspension was extracted with ether, the ether layer separated and the ether removed under vacuum. A gummy mass remained which was dissolved in decalin and the solution was partly distilled to remove excess chlorobromide. After removal of most of the decalin under vacuum, the residue was treated with a large excess of N-( -hydroxyethyl)-piperazine and heated on a steam bath for 2 hours. This material was extracted with dilute aqueous HCI, this acid layer neutralized with aqueous base and the resulting oil extracted into ether. The ether layer was washed with water until the washings were neutral and dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate. On treatment with maleic acid in ether a yellow solid separated which was recrystallized from isopropanol. This yellow solid had MP 175° to 177°C. 

N-cyclohexyl-1-chlorophthalimlde (250 g) was dissolved in glacial acetic acid (2.5 8),concentrated hydrochloric acid (555 ml) and tin (27B g) were added and the suspension was heated on a steam bath for 16 hours. The cooled solution was filtered and concentrated to dryness in vacuo to give a white solid. This solid was dissolved in water and the precipitated oil extracted with chloroform. The chloroform solution was dried and concentrated in vacuo to give a solid which, after recrystal I izat ion, yielded 5-chloro-2-cyclohexylisoindolin-1-one (43%), MP 140°Cto 142°C. 

The solution was heated on a steam bath for 6 hours. After cooling, the whole was poured into water and the oil extracted well with ether, the ether solution was discarded and the aqueous solution neutralized with 1 N sulfuric acid. A heavy oil separated which was taken into ether, washed with water, bicarbonate solution and again with water. After drying, the ether was removed to give a thick oil which solidified on standing (34.6 grams). After recrystallization from an ether-petroleum ether mixture it formed needles, MP 108°-112°C. 

Arabia, the largest OPEC oil producer. OPEC produces about 40 percent of the world s crude oil output and It supplies about 45 percent of all traded petroleum. In total, almost 60 percent of the world s crude oil extraction is exported from about forty-five hydrocarbon-producing countries—but the six largest exporters (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia, Norway, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) sell just over 50 percent of the traded total. In contrast, more than 130 countries import crude oil and refined oil products besides the United States, the largest buyers are Japan, Germany, France, and Italy. 

This growth resulted from additional countries entering as major producers of petroleum. By 1941, Venezuela was producing over one-half of the crude oil extracted in the Western Hemisphere. During this period as well, the Middle and Near East first began to flex its muscles as an oil producing region. Iran,... 

Hydrocarbons heavier than methane that are present in natural gases are valuable raw materials and important fuels. They can be recovered by lean oil extraction. The first step in this scheme is to cool the treated gas by exchange with liquid propane. The cooled gas is then washed with a cold hydrocarbon liquid, which dissolves most of the condensable hydrocarbons. The uncondensed gas is dry natural gas and is composed mainly of methane with small amounts of ethane and heavier hydrocarbons. The condensed hydrocarbons or natural gas liquids (NGL) are stripped from the rich solvent, which is recycled. Table 1-2 compares the analysis of natural gas before and after treatment. Dry natural gas may then be used either as a fuel or as a chemical feedstock. 

Processing residue or purchased feedstocks. Sometimes, the option of processing supplemental feed or other components, such as atmospheric residue, vacuum residue, and lube oil extract, is a means of increasing the yields of higher-value products and reducing the costs of raw material by purchasing less expensive feedstocks. 

Soda ash (sodium carbonate) is less expensive than phosphate and so tends to be used as a BW treatment in some developing countries for basic industrial processes such as mashing of farm products for animal foods, palm oil extraction, rendering plants, tanneries, and textile washing and dyeing. Often there is little or no condensate return. 

The use of a fused silica capillary column for the GC analysis of the neutral oil extract has provided the means for improving the resolution of components in a more inert system. The sultones are determined by temperature-programmed GC over CP-Sil-5 CB (methyl silicone fluid) in a 25 m x 0.2 mm fused silica capillary column using nonadecane as internal standard. A sample split ratio of 1 100 is recommended for a 3-pl injection. 

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