Extraction coconut oil

In addition to the separation of coconut oil from a coconut milk emulsion, enzyme treatment can also be used to extract coconut oil from finely divided copra meal. Coconut oil extraction based on the enzymatic action of polygalacturonases, a-amylase and proteases on a diluted coconut paste has been tested (McGlone et al., 1986). After the reaction with enzymes, the mixture gave three phases upon centrifugation. The upper phase contained high quality coconut oil and the middle layer and the lower layer contained water and coconut meal respectively. This process gave a yield of 80%, which is a much higher yield compared to other traditional wet extraction methods. Enzyme assisted extractions have also been used to extract coconut oil from powdered copra. The crude commercial enzyme used in this study contained a-amylase, neutral protease, acid protease, cellulase/hemicellulase, and pectinase. The enzyme treatment in this process can be considered as a pretreatment of copra prior to the oil extraction. The enzyme was added 1% rate of the copra and allowed to stand for 30 min. After enzyme treatment, the meal was extracted by hot water and the emulsion was boiled to evaporate water. This enzyme pretreatment of copra prior to the extraction improved the yield of coconut oil by 50% compared to the same extraction procedure without enzyme... 

Total phenol contents of seed oils vary significantly with the extraction conditions. Solvent-extracted oils contain more phenolic substances than virgin oils (Gutfinger, 1981). The most striking difference between the traditional coconut oil extracted by prolonged heating of coconut milk and copra oil is in the phenol content. Total phenol content of traditional coconut oil was 618 46 mg while that of copra oil was 91 + 11 mg as gallic acid/kg oil (Seneviratne Dissanayake, 2008). This clearly indicates that extraction methods have a remarkable impaet on the total phenol content of coconut oil. 

Seneviratne, K. N., Hapuarachchi, C. D., Ekanayake, S., (2009). Comparison of the phenolic-dependent antioxidant properties of coconut oil extracted under cold and hot conditions. Food Chem. 114,1444-1449. 

Mansor, T. S. T., Che Man, Y. B., Shuhaimi, M., Abdul Afiq, M. J., Ku Nurul, F. K. M., (2012), Physicochemical properties of virgin coconut oil extracted from different processing methods. International Food Research Journal 19, 837-845. 

Seneviratne K. N., Sudarshana Dissanayake, D. M., (2008). Variation of phenolic content in coconut oil extracted by two conventional methods. International Journal of Food... 

Soybean meal is the most frequently used source of supplemental protein in the United States (5). Cottonseed meal is another important protein supplement. Both meals are by-products from oil extraction of the seeds. Canola meal is derived from rapeseed low in emcic acid [112-86-7] and glucosinolates. Linseed (derived from flax seed), peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, coconut, and palm kernel meals are other sources of supplemental protein that are by-products of oil extraction (4). 

Interpretation/report Coconut meal, not adequately removed during the oil extraction process, is the haze in the oil and is building up in the centrifuge. 

Fig. 21.8. Infrared spectra of the coconut oil solids obtained by extraction (filter and rinse), 1, and infrared subtraction, 2.

India. Infusion of the inflorescence is taken orally every morning for 3 days, coinciding with the menstrual cycle for leukorrhea and problems associated with the menstrual cycle " ". A dose of 50 g daily of a mixture of Cocos nucifera fruit and Ficus benghalensis latex is taken for 3 months to increase sexual potency in men " ". Fruit is taken orally as a remedy for tapeworms " ". Indonesia. Coconut oil is applied externally to treat wounds and injuries by the ethnic group of Ngada ". Shell is used as incense " . Hot water extract of the root is taken orally for fever, bloody diarrhea, and... 

Antilipidemic activity. Triglycerides structured lipids from coconut oil, administered to rats at a dose of 10% of diet for 60 days, produced a 15% decrease in total cholesterol and a 23% decrease in LDL cholesterol levels in the serum compared to coconut oil-fed rats. Total and free cholesterol levels in the liver of structured lipid-fed rats were lowered by 31 and 36%, respectively. The triglycerides in the serum and liver were decreased by 14 and 30%, respectively " . Anti-nociceptive activity. Aqueous extract of the husk fiber, administered orally to mice at doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg, produced an inhibition of the acetic acid-induced writhing response . 

Pheromone (sex attractant). Ether extract of the stem, produced equivocal effect on Aspiculuris tetraptera, female and male Dacus dorsalis, male Mediterranean fruit flies, and male and female melon flies " k Pheromone (signaling). Ether extract of the stem, produced equivocal effect on Aspiculuris tetraptera, female and male Dacus dorsalis, male Mediterranean fruit flies, and male and female melon flies " k Phospholipidemic effect. Oil, administered to phospholipids transfer protein knockout (PLTPO)-deficient mice, produced an increase of phospholipids and free cholesterol in the VLDL-LDL region of PLTPO mice. Accumulation of phospholipids and free cholesterol was dramatically increased in PLTPO/HLO mice compared to PLTPO mice. Turnover studies indicated that coconut oil was associated with delayed catabolism of phospholipids and phospho-lipids/free cholesterol-rich particles. Incubation of these particles with hepatocytes of coconut-fed mice produced a reduced removal of phospholipids and free cholesterol by SRBI, even though SRBI protein expression levels were unchanged . 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol extract of the leaf, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active, LDjf, 0.75 g/kg"" " . Ethanol extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/animal, was active. Water extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/ animal, was active " . Aqueous extract of the husk fiber, administered orally to mice, was active, LDjf, 2.30 g/kgf" " . Tricarboxylate carrier influence. Oil, administered to rats at a dose of 15% of the diet for 3 weeks, produced a differential mitochondrial fatty acid composition and no appreciable change in phospholipids composition and cholesterol level. Compared with coconut oil-fed rats, the mitochondrial tricarboxylate carrier activity was markedly decreased in liver mitochondria from fish oil-fed rats. No difference in the Arrhenius plot between the two groups was observed "". 

Folkloric medicine has led many scientists to discover important plant-derived medicines. It has been known for some time that the seeds of several Annonaceous species have an emetic property (Morton, 1987). Eli Lilly, Inc. in 1898 sold a fluid extract made from paw paw seeds A. triloba) for inducing emesis (Anonymous, 1898). Folkloric uses of Annonaceous species also suggest pesticidal properties. The Thai people use extracts of Annona squamosa, A. muricata,A. cherimolia, and A. reticulata for the treatment of head lice (Chumsri, 1995). For this, 10 to 15 fresh leaves of A. squamosa L. are finely crushed and mixed with coconut oil, and the mixture is applied uniformly onto the head and washed off after 30 min. 

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)/normal-phase HPLC was used by Brown-Thomas et al. (35) to determine fat-soluble vitamins in standard reference material (SRM) samples of a fortified coconut oil (SRM 1563) and a cod liver oil (SRM 1588). The on-line GPC/normal-phase procedure eliminated the long and laborious extraction procedure of isolating vitamins from the oil matrix. In fact, the GPC step permits the elimination of the lipid materials prior to the HPLC analysis. The HPLC columns used for the vitamin determinations were a 10 im polystyrene/divinylbenzene gel column and a semipreparative aminocyano column, with hexane, methylene chloride and methyl te/t-butyl ether being employed as solvent. 

The initially produced coconut oil is actually a white solid highly saturated fat with a characteristic odour. It is extracted by either cold pressing or solvent extraction of the coconut flesh. This fat has a melting point of 25 °C and is reasonably stable to oxidation when exposed to the air. Chemically it is very high in saturated fats, typically up to 85%. 

Due to its emollient properties it is found in products like soaps, hair conditioners, skin moisturizers and lipsticks. It is also employed as a hair pomade, particularly popular in tropical regions where it is reputed to prevent hair from going grey unfortunately there is no scientific evidence to support this. In aromatherapy the emollient properties of the oils are put to use for massage blends and skin creams. Coconut oil, particularly the solvent extracted, has been implicated in allergic reactions so a cautionary approach is advisable. 

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