Natural state

Kutzelnigg W and Maeder F 1978 Natural states of interacting systems and their use for the calculation of intermolecular forces. III. One-term approximations of oscillator strength sums and dynamic polarizabilities Chem. Phys. 35 397... 

Corrosion is the gnawing away of materials due to exposure to different environments. Basically, a material is trying to return to its natural state, e.g., metallic iron oxidizes to fonn tire ore from whence it came. 

For other elements that occur with major relative abundances of more than one isotope in the natural state, the isotope pattern becomes much more complex. For example, with chlorine and bromine, the presence of these elements is clearly apparent from the isotopes Cl and for chlorine and Br and Br for bromine. Figure 47.2a shows the molecular ion region for the compound chlorodecane. Now, there are new situations in that C, C, C1, and Cl isotopes all have probabilities of occurring together. Thus, there are molecular ion peaks for + Cl, C + Cl, + Cl, and so on. Even so, the isotopic ratio of 3 1 for Cl to Cl is very clear... 

Sour gas gas found in its natural state containing compounds of sulfur at concentrations exceeding levels for practical use because of corrosivity and toxicity. 

The western phosphates are sedimentary deposits in adjoining areas of Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah derived from a former inland sea. They consist of layers of limestone, phosphate, and chert, now budded and faulted so they are rarely horizontal. The phosphate ore is strip-mined using large earth-moving equipment such as shovels, scrappers, dump tmcks, and bulldozers to mine the overburden and phosphate ore. Mining ratios of overburden to metric ton of recovered ore are from 1—3 m /1 (2—4 yd /short ton). The typical mining practice is to remove ore and overburden from a pit in discrete layers (Lifts) of 10—20 m in depth. Overburden from the pit is back-hauled to a previously mined pit. Extensive land reclamation practices are later carried out to return the mine areas to natural states. 

Tar sand has been defined as sand saturated with a highly viscous cmde hydrocarbon material not recoverable in its natural state through a well by ordinary production methods (2—8). Technically the material should perhaps be called bituminous sand rather than tar sand because the hydrocarbon is bitumen, ie, a carbon disulfide-soluble oil. 

Oil and Petrochemicals. There are a variety of uses for defoamers in oil recovery. They are used in some of the materials used in oil extraction, such as in drilling muds and cement lining, and also directly with the cmde oil itself. In its natural state cmde oil contains dissolved gases held by high reservoir pressure. When this Hve cmde oil is extracted and passed into the low pressure environment of a gas-oil separator, the dissolved gases are... 

Both contamination and pollution entail the perturbation of the natural state of the environment by anthropogenic activity. The two terms are distinguishable by the severity of the effect pollution induces the loss of potential resources. Additionally, a clear cause-effect relationship must be established for a substance to be classified as a pollutant towards a particular organism. 

The principal thing in connection with the employment of ionone is to discover its proper degree of dilution. In its natural state the body is so highly concentrated as scarcely to remind one of violets. This is the reason why it was placed in trade in the form of a 10 per cent, solution, and not in its pure state. This form has proved an exceedingly useful one. In using it for extracts, powders, sachets, etc., the solution must be further diluted and fixed with some orris oil, civet, and musk. ... 

Besatzung, f. garrison, crew, beschadigen, v.t. damage, injure, beschafifen, v.t. procure supply make, execute. — p.a. constituted, conditioned. Beschafifenheit, /. nature state, condition ... 

Depleted Uranium. In the natural state U is a mixt of isotopes from which two, U23s and U238> are extracted for use in nuclear reactors and weapons. What remains after the extraction is known as depleted uranium which now exists in large quantities and for which few uses have so far been found. One property of U is its high d -it is heavier than Pb — and this has led to the investigation of its military applications... 

To obtain anthocyanins closer to their natural state, a number of researchers have used neutral solvents for initial extraction such as 60% methanol, n-butanol, cold acetone, mixtures of acetone, methanol, and water, or simply water. Methanol is the most common solvent used for anthocyanin extraction. Metivier et al. (1980) compared the efficiency of extraction with three different solvents (methanol, ethanol, and water) and different acids, and found that methanol extraction was 20% more effective than ethanol and 73% more effective than water when used for anthocyanin recovery from grape pomace. 

SEE is an instrumental approach not unlike PLE except that a supercritical fluid rather than a liquid is used as the extraction solvent. SFE and PLE employ the same procedures for preparing samples and loading extraction vessels, and the same concepts of static and dynamic extractions are also pertinent. SFE typically requires higher pressure than PLE to maintain supercritical conditions and, for this reason, SFE usually requires a restrictor to control better the flow and pressure of the extraction fluid. CO2 is by far the most common solvent used in SFE owing to its relatively low critical point (78 atm and 31 °C), extraction properties, availability, gaseous natural state, and safety. 

In general, three kinds of organic conpounds can be distinguished as normal constituents of air or environmental contaminants, requiring different sampling procedures for their analysis substances idiose natural state at atmospheric pressure and aid>ient temperature is that of a gas substances having sufficient vapor pressure to sublime or volatilize into the... 

Often the need or desire can be satisfied by a substance that is presently on the market, but it is projected that a new product will either do a betteijob, cost less, or require less time and effort. The toothpastes produced before 1960 did a respectable job of cleaning teeth, but the addition of fluoride made them better cavity preventa-tives, and those toothpastes that added fluorides became the best sellers. Orange juice could be shipped in its natural form to northern markets, but frozen concentrated orange juice occupies one-fourth the volume and costs less to the consumer. TV dinners and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals cost more than the same foods in their natural state, but they reduce the time spent in the kitchen. All of these items resulted from research followed by design. 

This is a fee levied on each unit of material that is extracted from its natural state in the ground. It is applied to oil, gas, coal, metals, and other items. 

This tax is similar to a sales tax. However, it is based on the amount by which a company has increased the value of a product, whereas a sales tax is based on the selling price. For instance, if a manufacturer spent 100 on the raw materials used in manufacturing a pump and then sold the pump for 275, the value-added tax would be a certain percentage of 175. For mining concerns the value-added tax would be the same as a sales tax, since minerals in their natural state are assumed to have no value. 

The heavy-end portions (usually called heavy fractions) of bitumen (e.g. asphaltenes, preasphaltenes) can exist both in a random oriented particle aggregate form or in an ordered micelle form, peptized with resin molecules (16.17). In their natural state, asphaltenes exists in an oil-external (Winsor s terminology) or reversed micelle. The polar groups are oriented toward the center, which can be water, silica (or clay), or metals (V, Ni, Fe, etc.). The driving force of the polar groups... 

As with most desks and notebooks, disorder is the natural state. Order requires the input of energy. Reactions in which there is an increasing disorder are more favorable. Physical chemists (and sometimes others) use the word entropy instead of disorder. There s a discussion of entropy at the end of this book. 

Conductive sample coatings are not needed because the gas molecules in the chamber replenish electrons on the sample surface to prevent charging. Direct observation of either wet or dry specimens is possible based on the continuously variable specimen environment. The instrument accommodates a micromanipulator, heatable stage, and gaseous environment. Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) units can also be added to the sample chamber for elemental analysis. Samples can be analyzed in their natural state, at elevated relative humidities, elevated temperatures, and in various gas environments (including 100% relative humidity). 

Although quadratic expressions are reasonable approximations, as discussed above, they only works for small deviations from the natural state... 

There is no theoretical ground for this conclusion, which is a purely empirical result based on a variety of experimental measurements. However, it seems to apply everywhere and to represent a law of Nature, stating that systems consisting of more than one particle of half-integral spin are always represented by anti-symmetric wave functions. It is noted that if the space function is symmetrical, the spin function must be anti-symmetrical to give an anti-symmetrical product. When each of the three symmetrical states is combined with the anti-symmetrical space function this produces what is... 

An extensive world-class monitoring and verification (M V) program (Hennig et al. 2008), of which the present work is but a component, was initiated before injection started to (1) document the natural state of the formation water, groundwater, soils and atmosphere, (2) monitor migration of... 

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