Foods animal

Animal aquaculture is concentrated on finfish, moUuscs, and cmstaceans. Sponges, echinoderms, tunicates, turtles, frogs, and alligators are being cultured, but production is insignificant in comparison with the three principal groups. Common and scientific names of many of the species of the finfish, moUuscs, and cmstaceans currently under culture are presented in Table 2. Included are examples of bait, recreational, and food animals. 

L. A. Muir, iu National Research Council, Designing Foods Animal Product Options in the Markeplace, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1988, pp. 184-193. 

The bulk of the industrial supply of the calcium salt of (R)-pantothenic acid is used in food and feed enrichment. Food enrichment includes breakfast cereals, beverages, dietetic, and baby foods. Animal feed is fortified with calcium-(R)-pantothenate which functions as a growth factor. 

S. F. Sundlof, J. E. Riviere, and A. L. Craigmill, Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) Trade Name File, A Comprehensive Compendium ofi Food Animal Drugs, University of Florida, Gainsvihe, 1988. 

Under current regulations, chemicals allowed for use in various European countries (Table 3) are either fully Hcensed for aquacultural use (oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid) or can be prescribed by veterinarians if they are Hcensed for use on other food animals (14—16). In addition, previously unHcensed chemicals that are appHed to the water (topicals) may now be used under a grandfather clause if no one questions their safety. The question of whether a chemical is a medicine or a pesticide has also been addressed. Eor example, dichlorvos (Nuvan 500 EC) was initially designated as a pesticide in the United Kingdom, but was later categorized as a medicine. A similar product, trichlorfon (Masoten), was treated the same way in the United States. 

Stilboestrol Not permitted for food animals Cattle, pigs... 

Mukherjee I, Gopal M. 1996. Insecticide residues in baby food, animal feed, and vegetables by gas liquid chromatography. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 56(3) 381-388. 

Johnson, D. E., Ward, B. M., and Ramsay, J. J. (1996). Chapter 15. Livestock methane Current emissions and mitigation potential. In "Nutrient Management of Food Animals to Enhance and Protect the Environment", (E. T. Kornegay, Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

In the following discussion, the detection of pesticides and veterinary dmgs in food animals by immunoassay will be described. Discussion will be organized by compound class, the specific analyte, and, finally, the tissues examined. The general principles described in the first part of this review provide the rationale in the applications described in the following pages. 

Pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, are widely used in agriculture, and the potential for these residues to accumulate in food has led to concern for human safety. Pesticide residues may enter food animals from environmental sources or from treated or contaminated feeds. Immunoassay development for pesticides has had major impacts for pesticide registrations, analysis of residues in foods, monitoring environmental contamination, determination of occupational exposure, and integration of pest management. 

Anthelmintic agents have been utilized to treat a multimde of nematode infections. These include roundworms, tapeworms, and lungworms in cattle and swine. Two classes of compounds included as anthelmintic agents will be discussed here, lev-amisole and thiabendazoles (thiabendazoles can also act as pesticides). Thiabendazoles can cause nephrotoxicity, teratogenesis, and immunosuppression and can disrupt endocrine balance. Because of these toxicides, residues of these compounds in food animals are of food safety concern. 

The use of immunoassays for the determination of pesticides and veterinary medicines in food animals has increased since the early 1990s. The advantages of simple analysis, quick results, and high throughput make immunoassays a powerful technique for problematic matrices commonly encountered in animal agriculture. Careful development and validation are required to obtain accurate results, however. This review has demonstrated that most immunochemical techniques have been designed for use with milk samples, but a number of applications have also been developed for liver and muscle samples. The development of immunoassay techniques for residue analysis in eggs has clearly not been pursued to the extent of other edible tissues. 

Zach R. 1985. Contribution of inhalation by food animals to man s ingestion dose. Health Phys 49(5) 737-745. 

Philips I, Casewell M, Cox T, Degroot B, Friis C, Jones R, Nightingale C, Preston R, Waddell J (2004) Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health A critical review of published data. J Antimicrob Chemother 53 28-52... 

Smith, K.L. and Hogan, J.S. (1993), Environmental mastitis. The Veterinary Clinics of North America . Food Animal Practice, 9, 489 198. 

Because plants are able to synthesize carotenoids de novo, the carotenoid composition of plant foods is enriched by the presence of small or trace amounts of biosynthetic precursors, along with derivatives of the main components. Although commonly thought of as plant pigments, carotenoids are also encountered in some animal foods. Animals are incapable of carotenoid biosynthesis thus their carotenoids need to be derived from the diet. Selectively or unselectively absorbed, carotenoids accumulate in animal tissues unchanged or slightly modified into typical animal carotenoids. 

Keeler, R.F. and Young, S. (1986). When ewes ingest poisonous plants The teratogenic effects. Veterinary Medicine, Food Animal Practice, May, 449-A54. 

Under the law the FDA is charged with enforcing, carcinogenic substances such as DES can be used in food animal production, as long as no residue of the drug is found in edible products, in this case beef. 

Unique aspects of veterinary compounding compared to compounding for human patients include the potential impact on human health of compounded veterinary products in food animals, and variability in animal response and size. 

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