Extracted oil

Highly pure / -hexane is used to extract oils from oilseeds such as soybeans, peanuts, sunflower seed, cottonseed, and rapeseed. There has been some use of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-derived solvents such as methylene chloride to extract caffein from coffee beans, though this use is rapidly being supplanted by supercritical water and/or carbon dioxide, which are natural and therefore more acceptable to the pubHc. 

Methyl bromide finds use as a methylating agent in the syntheses of agricultural and dmg chemicals. It is also used in ionization chambers, for degreasing wool, and for extracting oil from nuts, seeds, and flowers. 

Solvent extraction in batch or continuous systems is used to recover most of the residual oil from the presscake. Heptane, hexane, or a mixture of these solvents is used to recover the oil. The solvent-extracted presscake is steam stripped to recover solvent and a residual meal known as castor pomace, containing 1% residual oil. The solvent extracted oil is also processed for solvent recovery (qv). The oil from the extraction procedure is darker than the mechanically pressed oil and has a higher free fatty acid content. It is sometimes referred to as a No. 3 castor oil and is used for blending with higher quaUty oils that are well above No. 1 specifications. 

In the past, expression presses were used in many processes for extracting oil and juice, generally from seeds and fruits such as olives. Batch presses were typically used in these apphcations, and hand unloading of the pressed cake was often required. Batch presses that require hand unloading or extensive cleaning between pressings are rarely used now descriptions of various types are presented in earlier editions of this handbook. This section, therefore, describes mainly continuous presses. 

Since the propane deasphalting operation is primarily directed toward the manufacture of lubes with asphalt as a by-product, the grades of asphalt produced from a deasphalter are usually limited. In some cases considerable blending must be done (frequently with extract oils) to provide the variety of grades required by the consumer. 

Lewis directed subterranean resei voir studies to improve the efficiency of extracting oil from the ground. He designed the first bubble tower to effect more precise and efficient fractionation operations and provided important assistance in developing one of the first continuous thermal cracking process. 

After all the exploratory analyses, drilling determines whether the exploration geophysicist has accurately located the reservoir (exploratory drilling) and whether the sites chosen for drilling into the same resei voir are optimal for efficient production (developmental drilling). When an exploratoi y hole produces neither oil nor gas, it is capped and abandoned. But if it does yield oil or gas, it is readied for production and becomes a completed well. To extract oil and gas requires drilling a well. 

Maxiniizing the lvalue of the reservoir requires that full reservoir dynamics be considered in drilling wells and in extracting oil. Gas and water must be recycled through the strategic placement of injection wells wells with high gas-oil or water-oil ratios must be closed or not drilled and the rate of oil production must be controlled to maintain underground pressure. 

The dense fluid that exists above the critical temperature and pressure of a substance is called a supercritical fluid. It may be so dense that, although it is formally a gas, it is as dense as a liquid phase and can act as a solvent for liquids and solids. Supercritical carbon dioxide, for instance, can dissolve organic compounds. It is used to remove caffeine from coffee beans, to separate drugs from biological fluids for later analysis, and to extract perfumes from flowers and phytochemicals from herbs. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide avoids contamination with potentially harmful solvents and allows rapid extraction on account of the high mobility of the molecules through the fluid. Supercritical hydrocarbons are used to dissolve coal and separate it from ash, and they have been proposed for extracting oil from oil-rich tar sands. 

Food and natural products represent the next largest body of work in SFE. Major topics include the isolation and characterization of high value-added fragrances and flavor compounds from novel natural materials and agricultural by-products. SFE is increasingly applied to extract oils, flavors, colorants, resins, etc., avoiding the use of hexane and petroleum fractions. 

Oleosomes of seabuckthom fruit flesh were isolated by physical separation techniques and their higher stabilities and antioxidant activities compared to solvent-extracted oil were demonstrated. ... 

Oily crops such as soybeans and canola (oilseed rape) cannot be extracted with aqueous buffers, because the extraction solvent cannot permeate the hydrophobic plant tissue matrix. In these cases, homogenization in acetonitrile-hexane is recommended. This solvent mixture is able to extract sulfonylureas from these samples with a minimum of co-extracted oil. After extraction, the sulfonylureas partition into the acetonitrile phase while most of the oil stays in the hexane phase. Further cleanup is accomplished using a silica SPE cartridge and normal-phase conditions. 

For the extraction of rubber and rubber compounds a wide variety of solvents (ethyl acetate, acetone, toluene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, hexane) have been used [149]. Soxtec extraction has also been used for HDPE/(Tinuvin 770, Chimassorb 944) [114] and has been compared to ultrasonic extraction, room temperature diffusion, dissolution/precipitation and reflux extraction. The relatively poor performance of the Soxtec extraction (50% after 4h in DCM) as compared with the reflux extraction (95% after 2-4 h in toluene at 60 °C) was described to the large difference in temperature between the boiling solvents. Soxtec was also used to extract oil finish from synthetic polymer yam (calibration set range of 0.18-0.33 %, standard error 0.015 %) as reference data for NIRS method development [150]. 

Neither visible nor spectrophotometric evidence has ever been secured to indicate that any of the dye is transferred to the petroleum ether. If, however, for other reasons it is deemed undesirable to extract oils and waxes at this stage, the extraction may be performed similarly just prior to the addition of the sodium nitrite solution. Extraction at this earlier stage is best accomplished with 30° to 60° C. petroleum ether, for the 60° to 70° C. fraction will remove significant amounts of the reduced parathion hydrochloride. This point is illustrated by the data in Table V. In each instance, 194 micrograms of the reduced amine in 43 ml. of water at pH 3.1 were extracted twice with 5-ml. portions of the petroleum ether, then color development and evaluation were carried out in the usual manner. 

In this zone, the quantity of extracted oil is generally sufficient to obtain the distribution of the different structural groups (SARA analysis) except for oil A (Fig. 6 to 9) For oil B (Fig. 6), for the first two samples, the amount of extracted products is too low and the analysis is uncertain. It can only be noticed that the asphaltene content is null. On the contrary, just beyond the coke zone (samples III-IV), the asphaltene content respectively reaches 12.9 and 5 4 whereas the asphaltene content of the initial oil is only 0.3. This effect is also observed for oil C (10 versus 6.3%) (Fig. 7), D 24% versus 13.8 ) (Fig. 8), E (24 4 versus 8.1 ) (Fig. 9) For all the oils, the amount of resins+asphaltenes generally remains constant and the amount of saturates increases... 

Figure 9. SARA analysis of extracted oil for Oil E. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 8. Copyright 1984 Institut Fran9ais du Petrole.)...

Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859 to use extracted oil as a substitute for whale oil—the main lighting source and feedstock for consumer and chemical products then. This resource was hazardous to get and dwindling due to heavy exploitation, as it happens currently with oil. Petroleum presented many advantages over whale oil and solved a great deal of ecological and resource security problems associated with the old resource. Nevertheless, after a century and a half of use, petroleum has created new problems related to environmental pollution and energy security [1]. 

Zhang C, Brusewitz GH, Maness NO and Gasem KAM. 1995. Feasibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide for extracting oil from whole pecans. Trans ASAE 38(6) 1763-1767. 

Galoter A process for extracting oil and gas from shale, using a vertical retort. Operated in Estonia since 1964. 

Petrosix [Named after the oil company Petrobus and the oil shale company Superintendecia da Industrializacao da Xisto] A method for extracting oil and gas from shale. A large demonstration plant was operated in Brazil in the 1970s. 

SPHER [Shell Pellet Heat Exchange Retorting] A process for extracting oil from shale. The process is conducted in a fluidized bed in which heat is transferred by inert pellets of two... 

Prepared cottonseed meats containing 35 per cent of extractable oil are fed to a continuous countercurrent extractor of the intermittent drainage type using hexane as the solvent. The extractor consists of ten sections and the section efficiency is 50 per cent. The entrainment, assumed constant, is 1 kg solution/kg solids. What will be the oil concentration in the outflowing solvent if the extractable oil content in the meats is to be reduced by 0.5 per cent by mass ... 

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