Soybean oil extraction

In many cases, the product is toxic as in the case of the conjugate of trichloroethylene, which is thought to be responsible for the aplastic anemia induced in calves fed trichloroethylene-extracted soybean oil meal (27). The unstable product shown in brackets (Fig. 7.20) has the potential to lose HC1 to form a reactive thioketene or tautomerize to form the reactive chlorothioacetyl chloride (27). 

Lecithin recovered from solvent-extracted soybean oil had different phospholipid class compositions from those produced by mechanical pressing (198). The percentage of phosphatidylcholine was considerably higher in lecithin recovered from extruded-expelled oU than from solvent-extracted oil. The phosphatidylcholine- and phosphatidylinositol-enriched fractions produced by ethanol extraction of the crude lecithin also showed different functional properties (199). 

At 24 MPa, the calculated amount extracted was 54.4% of the available lipid versus 45% for the experimental amount. At 31 MPa, the values were 58% and 42%. Lee et al. (7) indicated that 57% of the total lipid composition in Skeletonema costatum consisted of acyl glycerols. The calculated yields of 58% and 54% in the present study indicated that almost all of the nonpolar lipids were extracted by CO,. Friedrich et al. (14) claimed that no significant difference was observed in the quantity of total saponiflables between SC CO2 and hexane extracted soybean oils. This is in agreement with the results for SC CO2 extracted and solvent extracted oils of Skeletonema. 

Mechanically pressed soybean oil Solvent extracted soybean oil Solvent extracted wheat germ oil... 

Arnica Oil CLR. [Hei l/Cospha] Arnica extract, soybean oil, tocoi ierol emollient, condititmer protective skin and hair care prods. 

Tocopherol Mechanically Pressed Soybean Oil Solvent-extracted Soybean Oil Solvent-extracted Wheat Germ Oil... 

Soybeans are an important source of edible oil, but many have argued that soybean is actually a protein crop because 60-70% of the returns in processing soybeans is due to the sale of meal (Table 11.1). No other oilseed contains as much protein. Thus, processes used to extract soybean oil are designed to maximize meal quality for use in livestock feeds. 

Optionally, the solids phase from the first alkali extraction may be extracted a second time, with 1 5 solids-to-water ratio at pH 9, and re-centrifuged, with the resulting fractions combined with those from the initial centrifugation. Although the process is not yet sufficiently efficient to become the main commercial means for extracting soybean oil, the resulting SPCs and SPIs are extremely stable to oxidation and have properties that may be functionally useful in selected applications. UP and RO membrane techniques were also tried with AEP. Additional information on AEP is provided in the Chapter Oil Recovery from Soybeans. 

Jokic et al. [1] extracted soybean oil from soybeans and analysed the oil for the acid content. Statistically significant changes in the acid content were observed as the experiment continued. The palmitic acid content of the earlier fractions were higher than that of the latter fractions while the reverse was true for the higher acids. 

FIGURE 8,1 The process by which a switchable-hydrophilicity solvent can be used to extract soybean oil from soybean flakes without a distillation step. The dashed hues indicate the recycling of the solvent and the aqueous phase. From Jessop et al. (2010) by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry. 

The environmental and toxicity issues associated with halogenated solvents drive the need for cost effective PHA solvents with more benign properties. Hexane, which is widely used to extract soybean oil, does not solubilize most PHAs so it is not a good candidate 14), Acetone is a viable candidate for commercial PHA extraction as it is an affordable solvent (approximately 30-400/lb in 2004), solubilizes PHAs with medium chain lengths, and has low oral toxicity. 

Lecithin. Lecithin [8002-43-5] (qv) is a mixture of fat-like compounds that includes phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamines, inositol phosphatides, and other compounds (37). Commercial lecithin was originally obtained from egg yolks, but is now extracted from soybean oil. Lecithin is used in many products, including margarine, chocolate, ice cream, cake batter, and bread. 

Other than fuel, the largest volume appHcation for hexane is in extraction of oil from seeds, eg, soybeans, cottonseed, safflower seed, peanuts, rapeseed, etc. Hexane has been found ideal for these appHcations because of its high solvency for oil, low boiling point, and low cost. Its narrow boiling range minimises losses, and its low benzene content minimises toxicity. These same properties also make hexane a desirable solvent and reaction medium in the manufacture of polyolefins, synthetic mbbers, and some pharmaceuticals. The solvent serves as catalyst carrier and, in some systems, assists in molecular weight regulation by precipitation of the polymer as it reaches a certain molecular size. However, most solution polymerization processes are fairly old it is likely that those processes will be replaced by more efficient nonsolvent processes in time. 

Solvent Extraction. Extraction processes, used for separating one substance from another, are commonly employed in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries. Oilseed extraction is the most widely used extraction process on the basis of tons processed. Extraction-grade hexane is the solvent used to extract soybeans, cottonseed, com, peanuts, and other oilseeds to produce edible oils and meal used for animal feed supplements. Tight specifications require a narrow distillation range to minimize solvent losses as well as an extremely low benzene content. The specification also has a composition requirement, which is very unusual for a hydrocarbon, where the different components of the solvent must be present within certain ranges (see Exthaction). 

B. Mumgaverl and K. J. Voorhees, On-line supercritical fluid extraction/chromatography system for trace analysis of pesticides in soybean oil and rendered fats , ]. Microcolumn Sep. 3 11-16(1991). 

By the nature of the process by which olive oil is extracted from the olive, the oil is susceptible to contamination. The high price associated with olive oil of the highest purity— extra virgin olive oil — also leads to falsification by unscrupulous vendors who blend with less costly oils such as com, peanut, and soybean oil. Various analytical techniques have been devised to authenticate the purity of olive oil by detecting certain oil components. 

Soybeans have been used as food in the Orient since ancient times and various methods have been developed to make soybeans as palatable as possible. In recent years, a large number of these simply processed soyfoods are emerging in the West. Tofu and tempeh are the most popular and have the fastest growth rate of any soyfood in America. Tofu is made by coagulating the protein with a calcium or magnesium salt from a hot-water extracted, protein-oil emulsion of whole soybeans. 

As for the cultivation of other types of marine microorganisms, e.g., those with a specific potential for the production of biologically active metabolites, predominantly small-scale experiments (shake flasks) have been described. Alternatively, artificial seawater or 25 50 75 90% natural seawater has served as a basis for nutrient media. The concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources reached up to 2 % (w/w) starch, glucose, molasses, glycerol, soybean oil, yeast extract, malt extract, beef extract, peptone, cornsteep liquor and NZ-amine. In the absence of artificial or natural seawater, high concentrations of... 

Agricultural processing will still incorporate solvents. As an example, soybean flakes were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide to produce a solvent-free, good-quality soybean oil. During the SFE process, volatile compounds were trapped on a porous polymer trap attached at the exhaust port of the SFE apparatus. The volatile profile obtained from the sorbent trap was found to be similar to the headspace profile from the SFE/soybean oil removed during the same extraction. In addition, crude soybean oil was heated in a stirred reactor and the volatiles, which were stripped by supercritical carbon dioxide in an attempt to improve oil properties, were collected on sorbent traps and analyzed by the above method for comparison. The described methodology permits the characterization of volatiles and semivolatUes in SEE soybean oil and can be used to monitor the extraction and quality of the resultant oil (Snyder and King, 1994). 

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