Soybeans, oil extraction from

Soybean oil contains 1.5-3.0% phospholipids (71). Crude soybean lecithin has an oil content of about 30%. PC is present at a level of about 16%., PE about 14%, and inositol phospholipids about 12% (7). As can be seen in Table 18 (8), the fatty acid compositions of soybean phospholipids are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Miscellaneous low-level constituents include water, phosphatidic acid, pigments, galactosyl glycerides, various glycolipids, phosphatidylserine, carbohydrates, sterols, and tocopherols. Phosphorus content of crude soybean oil extracted from flours can vary depending on extraction temperature and flour moisture (72). 

Ozawa, Y., Sato, H., Nakatani, A., Mori, O., Hara, Y., Nakada, Y., Akiyama, Y. and Morinaga, Y. (2001) Chemical composition of soybean oil extracted from hypocotyl-enriched soybean raw material and its cholesterol lowering effects in rats. J. Oleo Sci., 50, 217-223. 

Fig. 6.3. Total tocopherol content of crude soybean oil extracted from intact soybean as a function of moisture content. Soybeans were remoistened to moistures and equilibrated for one week (circles) and equilibrated for one week and stored for three more weeks (squares). Values are averages of duplicate analyses of two replicates (Source Chu and Lin, 1993).

In a glycolipid fermentation, mannosyl erythritol lipid (MEL) is produced from soybean oil added to a medium as a source of carbon. NIR can be used to measure the concentrations of MEL and soybean oil extracted from the fermentation process with ethyl acetate. NIR bands at 1436, 1920, and 2052 nm were assigned to MEL, and a MLR calibration equation was developed using the second derivative spectral data at 2040 and 1312 nm. Thin-layer chromatography with a flame-ionization detector (TLC/FID) was used as the reference method. The regression coefficient (R) and the standard error of calibration (SEC) were 0.994 and 0.48 g-l respectively. Absorption bands due to soybean oil were observed at 1208,1716,1766,2182, and 2302 nm and the second derivative bands at 2178 and 2090 nm were used for the calibration, yielding values of R and SEC of 0.974 and 0.77 g-l respectively. The NIR method was applied to the measurement of the concentrations of MEL and soybean oil in an actual fermentation process with good results (38). 

Green coloration, present in many vegetable oils, poses a particular problem in oil extracted from immature or damaged soybeans. Chlorophyll is the compound responsible for this defect. StmcturaHy, chlorophyll is composed of a porphyrin ring system, in which magnesium is the central metal atom, and a phytol side chain which imparts a hydrophobic character to the stmcture. Conventional bleaching clays are not as effective for removal of chlorophylls as for red pigments, and specialized acid-activated adsorbents or carbon are required. 

Large integrated units combining virgin oil extraction from rapeseed, or soybean, or palm with downstream refining and transesterification with methanol.The minimum step-in size for such plants seems to be 100,000 MT a year (30 million gallon). 

A process for the hexane extraction of oil from the flaked kernels of high-oil (>8%) corn hybrids was patented (11). An interesting aspect of the proprietary process is that it uses the same common flaking and extraction machinery that is usually employed for soybean oil extraction. 

Afterward, the nickel is removed by filtration. Hydrogenation reduces the number of double bonds in the molecule but does not completely eliminate them. If all the double bonds are eliminated, the oil becomes hard and brittle. Under controlled conditions, suitable cooking oils and margarine may be prepared by hydrogenation from vegetable oils extracted from cottonseed, com, and soybeans. 

Table 7.4. Tocopherol Concentrations (ppm) in the Oil Extracted from Various Soybean Seed Sections...

Latif, S., Diosady, L.L. and Anwar, F. (2008) Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil and protein from canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 110(10), 887-892. Proctor, R. (1997) Soybean oil extraction and processing, in Soybeans Chemistry, Technology and Utilization (ed. K. Li), Chapman HaU, New York, pp. 297-346. 

Soya bean oil (ca. 1916) n. A pale yellow semidrying oil extracted from the bean of the soybean plant, Soja hispida, a native of Asia, but also grown extensively throughout the world. Its drying properties are inferior to those of linseed but may be improved by suitable processing. When refined, it finds wide use as a component in both exterior and interior paints, but its widest use is in the preparation of alkyds. Coatings made with soybean oil are less prone to yellowing than those based on linseed oil. 

Soybean oil n. A pale yellow oil extracted from soybeans, used in epoxidized form as plasticizers and stabilizers for vinyl resins. 

Under controlled conditions, suitable cooking oils and margarine may be prepared by hydrogenation from vegetable oils extracted from cottonseed, com, and soybeans. 

Lipid oils extracted from seeds, including soybeans, sunflowers, and com. 

Dommguez H, Nunez MJ, Lema JM 1993. Oil extractability from enzymatically treated soybean and sunfloweniange of operational variables. Food Chem 46(3) 277—284. 

Smaller particle size of feed material is an indication of efficient grinding, which mechanically breaks apart the cell stmcture of materials (Rosenthal et al., 1996). In addition, smaller particle size results in larger surface area, which allows better contact between oilbearing material and solvent and reduces resistance to the diffusion of oil, as well as other components, from the solid matrix to the aqueous medium. The rate of enzyme diffusion into the solid substrate is also improved with smaller particle size. Although the importance of smaller particle size has been well recognized, only a few studies have been carried out to investigate its effect on oil extraction yield. A study on enzymatic soybean oil extraction showed that the oil extraction yield increased with decreasing particle size from 12(K)(un to less than 200 pm (Rosenthal et al., 2001). 

Naturally formed polymer products have the advantage over petrochemical products that they are renewable and often bio-degradable. For example, it has been shown that oils extracted from vegetables can be polymerized into polymers that can be used to make products. In addition, it has been shown that proteins can be extracted from vegetables, such as soybeans or corn, and denatured by solvents and shear thinning to produce polymer substrates [1]. The latter method of making natural polymers is the focus of this work and thus a more detailed background is provided. 

Soybean meal is the most frequently used source of supplemental protein in the United States (5). Cottonseed meal is another important protein supplement. Both meals are by-products from oil extraction of the seeds. Canola meal is derived from rapeseed low in emcic acid [112-86-7] and glucosinolates. Linseed (derived from flax seed), peanut, sunflower, safflower, sesame, coconut, and palm kernel meals are other sources of supplemental protein that are by-products of oil extraction (4). 

Lecithin. Lecithin [8002-43-5] (qv) is a mixture of fat-like compounds that includes phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamines, inositol phosphatides, and other compounds (37). Commercial lecithin was originally obtained from egg yolks, but is now extracted from soybean oil. Lecithin is used in many products, including margarine, chocolate, ice cream, cake batter, and bread. 

By the nature of the process by which olive oil is extracted from the olive, the oil is susceptible to contamination. The high price associated with olive oil of the highest purity— extra virgin olive oil — also leads to falsification by unscrupulous vendors who blend with less costly oils such as com, peanut, and soybean oil. Various analytical techniques have been devised to authenticate the purity of olive oil by detecting certain oil components. 

The methods developed using organic solvents are typically designed to maximize the use of crop plants. For example, in the case of the synthesis of PHA in seeds of oil crops, such as rapeseed or soybean, the extraction methods have the advantage that the oil can be recovered from the seeds as well as PHA, and that the residual meal can be used in animal feed (Fig. 5) [74-78]. In this process, the seeds containing oil and PHA are crushed and the oil is obtained with a... 

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