Alkaloids oils extraction

Isopropyl alcohol dissolves many other organic compounds easily, so it finds wide use as a solvent for gums essential and other kinds of oils alkaloids certain types of plastics derivatives of cellulose paints, varnishes, shellacs, and other types of coatings and quick-drying inks. Essential oils are oils extracted from plants that have therapeutic value. Alkaloids are organic bases that contain the element nitrogen. 

Ricinoleate [(9Z)-(12/ )-hydroxy-9-octadecanoic acid], a major component of castor bean oil, is also found in Clavicepspurpurea (Ascomycota, Hypo-creales, Clavicepiticeae) sclerotia as a glycoside and in oil extracted from mycelium as a free acid. No function has been ascribed to this free hydroxy acid however, its presence is positively correlated with the production of alkaloids [23]. 

Parvais, O., Vander Stricht, B., Vanhaelen-Fastre, R., and Vanhaelen, M. (1994). TLC detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in oil extracted from the seeds of Borago officinalis. J. Planar Chromatogr.—Mod. TLC 7 80-82. 

Examples that fall into the first category include the extraction of natural oils from crushed oil seeds [4, 77-80,153], toxic organic chemicals from soils [81, 82] and hop extracts from hops (see Figure 8.7). This behaviour has also been observed when spices are extracted [83-85] and when alkaloids are extracted from ground seeds [86]. Examples that fall into the second category include the extraction of caffeine from coffee beans [77], lignin from wood [87, 88] and peanut oil from peanuts. 

Rya.nia., The root and stem of the plant yania speciosa family Flacourtiaceae, native to South America, contain from 0.16—0.2% of iasecticidal components, the most important of which is the alkaloid ryanodine [15662-33-9] C25H250 N (8) (mp 219—220°C). This compound is effective as both a contact and a stomach poison. Ryanodine is soluble ia water, methyl alcohol, and most organic solvents but not ia petroleum oils. It is more stable to the action of air and light than pyrethmm or rotenone and has considerable residual action. Ryania has an oral LD q to the rat of 750 mg/kg. The material has shown considerable promise ia the control of the European com borer and codling moth and is used as a wettable powder of ground stems or as a methanohc extract. Ryanodine uncouples the ATP—ADP actomyosia cycle of striated muscle. 

Arecoline, CgHj 302N. This, the most important alkaloid of areca nut, is an odourless, alkaline oil, b.p. 209°, volatile in steam, miseible with most organic solvents and water, but extractable from the latter by ether in presence of dissolved salts. The salts are crystalline, but usually deliquescent the hydrobromide, B. HBr, forms slender prisms, m.p. 177-9°, from hot alcohol the aurichloride, B. HAUCI4, is an oil, but the platinichloride, B2. H2PtClg, m.p. 176°, crystallises from water in orange-red rhombs. The methiodide forms glancing prisms, m.p. 173-4°. 

Damascenine, CjqHj3N03, is a nitrogenous compound of an alkaloidal nature, which is present in the oil of Nigella damascena to the extent of about 9 per cent. It can be extracted from the oil by shaking it with dilute hydrochloric acid, rendering the aqueous liquid alkaline and extracting the alkaline liquid with petroleum ether. 

Alternatively, add 100 ml petroleum ether to 100 g finely ground seeds and let soak about two days. Filter, discard petroleum ether and let seeds dry. Add 100 ml methanol to the seeds and let soak about two days. Filter, repeat extraction with another 100 ml methanol and evaporate in vacuum the combined methanol extracts. The residual yellow oil contains the alkaloids. 

Uses Solvent for oils, waxes, perfumes, alkaloids, fats, and gums organic synthesis (Grignard and Wurtz reactions) extractant manufacture of gun powder, ethylene, and other organic compounds analytical chemistry perfumery alcohol denaturant primer for gasoline engines anesthetic. 

Some of the materials for which chromatographic separation should be considered are essential oils, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, pharmaceuticals, metal chelates, isotopes, and dose-boiling isomers. For easy separations, vacuum distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and fractional crystallization are less expensive. 

Rhoeadine (R = CH3) was isolated for the first time by Hesse (665) in 1865. It has always been considered to be ineffective physiologically as well as poisonous. In children, the sedative and slightly expectorant effect of the syrup prepared from the flowers of P. rhoeas L. (where rhoeadine is the major alkaloid) could not be explained, nor can it be explained why cattle avoid P. rhoeas (666). Hakim (667) observed, after administration of seed oil and extracts from poppy heads of P. rhoeas, an increase in intraocular pressure in rabbits. Lieb and Scherf (372) administered rhoeadine to rabbits and found a significant decrease in intraocular pressure, mydriasis, and a slight stimulation of respiration. For details refer to Section II, N on the benzophenanthri-dine alkaloids. The increase in intraocular pressure is apparently not caused by rhoeadine. Awe (668) observed spasms after administration... 

The solvent extracts can be cleaned up by traditional column chromatography or by solid-phase extraction cartridges. This is a common cleanup method that is widely used in biological, clinical, and environmental sample preparation. More details are presented in Chapter 2. Some examples include the cleanup of pesticide residues and chlorinated hydrocarbons, the separation of nitrogen compounds from hydrocarbons, the separation of aromatic compounds from an aliphatic-aromatic mixture, and similar applications for use with fats, oils, and waxes. This approach provides efficient cleanup of steroids, esters, ketones, glycerides, alkaloids, and carbohydrates as well. Cations, anions, metals, and inorganic compounds are also candidates for this method [7],... 

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