Micronucleus tests

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

Krul CAM (2003a) Dichlorodioctylstannane [CAS 3542-36-7] Micronucleus test in rat bone marrow cells. Zeist, TNO Chemistry, Department of Biomolecular Science, 4 March (TNO Report No. V3404/14). 

Life Sciences Research Ltd (1991) Dibutyltinchloride Assessment of clastogenic action in bone marrow erythrocytes in the micronucleus test. May (Finai Report No. 91/1357). 

Mouse bone marrow polychromatic-erythrocyte assay (micronucleus test) Micronuclei B Usha Rani et al. 1980... 

In vitro metaphase analysis (or mouse micronucleus test)... 

Duprat P, Gradiski D. 1980. Cytogenetic effect of trichloroethylene in the mouse as evaluated by the micronucleus test. IRCS Medical Science Library Compendium 8 182. 

Much toxicological data are available on this red pigment acute oral toxicity in mice, 90-day subchronic toxicological study, acute dermal irritation and corrosion, acute eye irritation and corrosion, anti-tumor effectiveness, micronucleus test in mice, AMES test Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay), estimation of antibiotic activity, and results of estimation of five mycotoxins. A new patent on Arpink Red was filed in 2001 with claims of anti-cancer effects of the anthraquinone derivatives and apphcations in the food and pharmaceutical fields. 

Kado NY, PA Kuzmicky, G Loarca-Pina, MM Mumtaz (1998) Genotoxicity testing of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in the Salmonella microsuspension assay and mouse bone marrow micronucleus test Mut Res 412 131-138. 

Toxicological properties Acute toxicity (by two routes of admission) Skin irritation Eye irritation Skin sensitization 28 days subacute toxicity Ames test In vitro metaphase analysis (or mouse micronucleus test)... 

Westmoreland, C. and D.G.Gatehouse. 1991. Effects of aniline hydrochloride in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test after oral administration. Carcinogenesis 12 1057-1059. 

The mouse micronucleus test (which detects chromosome breakage or chromosome loss from mitotic abnormalities in bone marrow erythrocytes) (MacGregor et al. 1979). 

Macgregor, J.T., D.H. Gould, A.D. Mitchell, and G.P. Sterling. 1979. Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test. Mutat. Res. 66 45-53. 

Damage induced in whole animals can be detected in in vivo chromosome assays in either somatic or germinal cells by examination of metaphases or the formation of micronuclei. The micronucleus test can also detect whole chromosome loss or aneuploidy in the absence of clastogenic activity and is considered comparable in sensitivity to chromosome analysis (Tsuchimoto and Matter, 1979). 

Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (1986). Sex Differences in the micronucleus test. Mutation Res. 172 151-163. 

MacGregor, J.T., Wehr, C.M. and Gould, D.H. (1980). Clastogen-induced micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes the basis of an improved micronucleus test. Environ. Mutagen. 2 509-514. 

Tsuchimoto, T. and Matter, B.E. (1979). In vivo cytogenetic screening methods for mutagens with special reference to the micronucleus test. Arch. Toxicol. 42 239-248. 

Micronucleus test To evaluate the clastogenic activity in mice using polychromatic erythrocytes... 

Disulfoton was negative in a dominant lethal test in male mice treated orally with a single dose ot S mg/kg (Herbold 1980) and in an erythrocyte micronucleus test in mice dosed with 6 or 12 mg/k /day for 2 days (Herbold 1981). Disulfoton also did not induce micronuclei in erythrocytes of mice dosed with 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg disulfoton (EPA 1984a Sandhu et al. ]985), but whether disulfoton was administered by the oral or intraperitoneal route was not clear. Other genotoxicity studies are discussed in Section 2.4. 

Flerbold B. 1981. Micronucleus test on the mouse to evaluate for mutagenic effect. Report No. 10451. Bayer AG, Institute of Toxicology, Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Germany. 

Niwa Y, Iwai N (2006) Genotoxicity in cell lines induced by chronic exposure to water-soluble fullerenes using micronucleus test. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 11 292-297. 

Miller BM, Pujadas E, Gocke E. 1995. Evaluation of the micronucleus test in vitro using Chinese hamster cells Results of four chemicals weakly positive in the in vivo micronucleus test. Environ Mol Mutagen 26 240-247. 

The in vivo micronucleus test is used for the detection of damage to chromosomes as well as the mitotic apparatus in bone marrow or peripheral blood cells of rodents. The assay system has been well standardized.14-17 The basic features of the test system are (1) the effect of the test chemical is observed in anucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) (2) PCEs have a relatively short lifespan, so that any micronuclei they contain must have been generated as a result of recently induced chromosome damage (3) micronuclei are readily identifiable and their distribution is well defined and (4) the frequency of induced micronuclei in PCEs is dependent on sampling times. 

Genotoxic effects have been reported in animals treated with 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine. A single dose of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (1,000 mg/kg) administered to male and pregnant female mice induced micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of the males and in the liver of the fetuses, but not in bone marrow of the dams (Cihak and Vontorkova 1987). A micronucleus test is performed to detect a chemical s ability to induce chromosomal aberrations. However, the relevance of micronuclei formation to human health is not known. The reason for the lack of effect of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine on bone marrow micronuclei formation in the mothers is unclear, but it may be related to deficiencies in the metabolic activation of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in female mice. The relative importance of pregnancy is unknown since the study did not evaluate nonpregnant females. In another study, an increase in unscheduled deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis (UDS) was observed in cultured liver cells from male mice previously pretreated orally with single doses of 500 mg/kg 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine no response was observed at a dose of 200 mg/kg (Ashby and Mohammed 1988). 

Herbold B. 1986a. Investigation of p-dichlorobenzene for clastogenic effects in mice using the micronucleus test. Institute of Toxicology. Report No. 14694. 

Shelby MD, Whitt KL. 1995. Comparison of results from mouse bone marrow chromosome aberration and micronucleus tests. Environ Mole Muta 25 302-313. 

Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test (Updated Guideline, adopted 21 July 1997)... 

Acute Inhalation Toxicity - Acute Toxic Class (ATC) Method, Draft New Guideline (December 2004) 487 In Vitro Micronucleus Test, Draft New Guideline (June 2004)... 

B.ll Mutagenicity - In vivo mammalian bone-marrow chromosome aberration test B.12 Mutagenicity mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test B.20 Sex-Unked recessive lethal test in Drosophila melanogaster B.22 Rodent dominant lethal test... 

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