Explosion characteristics

Hazards. The solvent should be nontoxic and nonhazardous adequate design must take into account flammability and explosivity characteristics of the solvent. 

A.m blent Environment. The environment around the flow conduit must be considered in meter selection. Such factors as the ambient temperature and humidity, the pipe shock and vibration levels, the avadabiHty of electric power, and the corrosive and explosive characteristics of the environment may all influence flow meter selection. Special factors such as possible accidental flooding, the need for hosedown or steam cleaning, and the possibiHty of lightning or power transients may also need to be evaluated. 

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

Dust explosibility characteristics Length and shape of relief pipe if existent... 

Table 6.2 Dust explosion characteristics of combustible solids...

Nitration Hazards arise from the strong oxidizing nature of the nitrating agents used (e.g. mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids) and from the explosive characteristics of some end products Reactions and side reactions involving oxidation are highly exothermic and may occur rapidly Sensitive temperature control is essential to avoid run-away... 

The information to be compiled about the chemicals, including process intermediates, needs to be comprehensive enough for an accurate assessment of the fire and explosion characteristics, reactivity hazards, the safety and health hazards to workers, and the corrosion and erosion effects on the process equipment and monitoring tools. Current material safety data sheet (MSDS) information can be used to help meet this requirement but must be supplemented with process chemistry information, including runaway reaction and over-pressure hazards, if applicable. 

The explosion characteristics of dusts of the specific type or identification varies with the size and shape of the dust particle [27]. These characteristics and a few other features [27] as well as moisture content are summarized in Table 7-31. These data are ... 

Special explosion characteristics must be understood before selecting the t)pe of suppression medium. 

Explosion Characteristics of Various Dusts (Partial Listing)... 

FPN No. 2) The explosion characteristics of air mixtures of gases or vapors vary with the specific material involved. For Class I locations. Groups A, B, C, and D, the classification involves determinations of maximum explosion pressure and maximum safe clearance between parts of a clamped joint in an enclosure. It is necessary, therefore, that equipment be approved not only for class but also for the specific group of the gas or vapor that will be present. 

Dusts, particle sizes, 225 Dusts, hazard class, 521-523 Explosion characteristics, 524 Efficiency, centrifugal pumps, 200 Ejector control, 380 Ejector systems, 343, 344, 351 Air inleakage, table, 366, 367 Applications, 345 Calculations, 359-366 Chilled water refrigeration, 350 Comparison guide, 357, 375 Evacuation lime, 380, 381 Charts, 382 Example, 381 Features, 345... 

Explosion calculations, 499-504 Estimating destruction, 501 Overpressure, 502 Pressure piling, 501, 504 Relief sizing, 505 Scaled distance, 502, 503 Schock from velocity, 503 TNT equivalent, 499-504 Explosion characteristics of dusts, 515 Explosion suppression, 518 Explosion venting, gases/vapors, 504 Bleves, 504 Explosions, 482 Blast pressure. 496 Combustion, 482 Confined, 482 Damage, 498-501 Deflagration, 482 Detonation, 483... 

Warren, Explosive Characteristics of the R23H Tracer Composition , PATR 1354 (1943),... 

Study of the Explosive Characteristics of Acetone Peroxide , PATR 1202 (1942)... 

JFranklnst 225, 219 (1938) (Explosive characteristics of certain metallic picrates)... 

VIII. Explosive Characteristics. Picric Acid is generally considered to be a relatively insensi tive but brisant expl. On a qualitative sensitivity scale of comparing common expls, PA would be judged to be more sensitive than TNT but appreciably less sensitive than Tetryl. Its power and brisance are also similar to those of TNT (112% TNT in the Ballistic Mortar 101% of TNT in the Trauzl Block and 107% in the plate dent test (Ref 48). In this section we will consider the steady detonation parameters. initiation characteristics and potential hazards of PA... 

Explosive chemicals. See also Explosion Explosives characteristic chemical groupings, 236, 237, 238 disposal methods, 246 effects, 241... 

The rate of pressure rise is indicative of the flame front propagation rate and thus of the magnitude of the explosion. The pressure rate or slope is computed at the inflection point of the pressure curve, as shown in Figure 6-15. The experiment is repeated at different concentrations. The pressure rate and maximum pressure for each run are plotted versus concentration, as shown in Figure 6-16. The maximum pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise are determined. Typically, the maximum pressure and pressure rates occur somewhere within the range of flammability (but not necessarily at the same concentration). By using this relatively simple set of experiments, the explosive characteristics can be completely established in this example the flammability limits are between 2% and 8%, the maximum pressure is 7.4 bar, and the maximum rate of pressure rise is 360 bar/s. 

The explosion characteristics determined using the vapor and dust explosion apparatus are used in the following way ... 

Volume of vessel (free volume V) Shape of vessel (area and aspect ratio) Type of dust cloud distribution (ISO method/pneumatic-loading method) Dust explosibility characteristics Maximum explosion overpressure Pmax Maximum explosion constant Minimum ignition temperature MIT Type of explosion suppressant and its suppression efficiency Type of HRD suppressors number and free volume of HRD suppressors and the outlet diameter and valve opening time Suppressant charge and propelling agent pressure Fittings elbow and/or stub pipe and type of nozzle Type of explosion detector(s) dynamic or threshold pressure, UV or IR radiation, effective system activation overpressure Pa Hardware deployment location of HRD suppressor(s) on vessel... 

The vivid interest in hydrazine as a powerful propellant has stimulated many investigations both of its thermal decomposition and of its oxidation. Although hydrazine decomposes much more readily than ammonia, the study of its homogeneous decomposition by classical means using a static system is complicated considerably by wall catalysis. Thus, other experimental techniques have had to be applied, e.g. decomposition flames, flash photolysis, studies of explosion characteristics and the shock-tube technique. 

The data to be listed on the Material Technical Sheet needs to be comprehensive enough for an accurate assessment of the fire and explosion characteristics, reactivity hazards, corrosion or erosion effects, and safety, health, and environmental hazards. 

Detonation theory is used to clarify the explosive characteristics of peroxy compounds. Some typical accidents are described. Hazards involved in the use of a large number of peroxy compounds (including all those then commercially available) are tabulated, with 134 references. 

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