Intraperitoneal route

Acute Toxicity. Plasticizers possess an extremely low order of acute toxicity LD q values are mostiy in excess of 20,000 mg/kg body weight for oral, dermal, or intraperitoneal routes of exposure. In addition to thek low acute toxicity, many years of practical use coupled with animal tests show that plasticizers do not kritate the skin or mucous membranes and do not cause sensitization. 

In this section the intraperitoneal route of liposome administration will be discussed. For a number of diseases this route of administration may be preferred over the intravenous route of administration of liposomes. For example, intraperitoneal injection of drug-... 

Convenient intraperitoneal route of administration of drugs such as antibiotics and insulin. 

LD50 of 9.6 mg/kg BW, sc route LD90 (7 days postadministration) of 11.3 mg/kg BW, sc route LD50 of 12 mg/kg BW intraperitoneal route. At 10 mg/kg BW, damage to bone marrow and sperm Single intraperitoneal injection of 1200 mg/kg BW during midgestation results in increased rates of fetal skeletal malformations... 

Intraperitoneal Route. Kruger et al. (1962) demonstrated the efficiency of absorption of some chemicals injected IP, while Lukas et al. (1971) showed that compounds administered IP are absorbed primarily through the portal circulation. 

Disulfoton was negative in a dominant lethal test in male mice treated orally with a single dose ot S mg/kg (Herbold 1980) and in an erythrocyte micronucleus test in mice dosed with 6 or 12 mg/k /day for 2 days (Herbold 1981). Disulfoton also did not induce micronuclei in erythrocytes of mice dosed with 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg disulfoton (EPA 1984a Sandhu et al. ]985), but whether disulfoton was administered by the oral or intraperitoneal route was not clear. Other genotoxicity studies are discussed in Section 2.4. 

Description of the Model. The Corley chloroform PBPK model was based on an earlier PBPK model developed by Ramsey and Andersen (1984) to describe the disposition of styrene exposure in rats, mice, and humans. A schematic representation of the Corley model (taken from Corley et al. 1990) is shown in Figure 2-5 with oral, inhalation, and intraperitoneal routes represented. The dermal route of exposure is not represented in this model however, others have modified the Corley model to include this route of exposure (see below). Liver and kidney are represented as separate compartments since both are target organs for chloroform. 

Result applies to both oral and intraperitoneal routes of exposure. Heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide mixture (25 75) was used. Results reflect separate exposures to both heptachlor and heptachlor - = negative result epoxide. ... 

Based on a combination of available human case studies and experiments with laboratory animals, the major public health concerns associated with exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene are effects on the liver, kidneys, and blood. Some immunological, dermatological, and neurological effects have also been reported in exposed humans. There is information from animal studies which raises the question of whether 1,4-dichlorobenzene can cross the placenta and elicit structural effects on the developing fetus. Data from a study conducted in rats using the intraperitoneal route have demonstrated sperm abnormalities. Cancer of the liver as a result of lifetime exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been shown in mice, and renal cancer has been reported in male rats. However, recent studies related to the mechanism of renal carcinogenesis in rats suggest that these tumors may not be expected to occur in exposed humans. Issues relevant to children are explicitly discussed in Section 2.6, Children s Susceptibility, and Section 5.6, Exposures of Children. 

CftHii), had tail-flick activities in the codeine-dextropropoxyphene potency range (oral and intraperitoneal routes in rats) and nalorphine antagonized the actions of both codeine and (XLIV) (R = C H,) in this test [132]. 

At-Te colloid. Injected by an intraperitoneal route. Ascitic tumor. 

The administration of 1,3-DNB by the intraperitoneal route allows for almost complete absorption. 

The LDso of NMOR in rats by oral and intraperitoneal routes was 320mg/kg. 

Reports have revealed that administration of sterile vancomycin by the intraperitoneal route during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CARD) has resulted in a syndrome of chemical peritonitis. This syndrome has ranged from a... 

Be(N03)2 3H2O is toxic by subcutaneous, intravenous and intraperitoneal routes and also is a carcinogen. LD50 intraperitoneal (mouse) 5 mg/kg... 

Hydroxylamine is a poison by oral, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes, the systemic effect being methemoglobinemia. It also is corrosive to skin and an irritant to eyes and respiratory tract. 

Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route and possibly by oral route. 

Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route. The effects, however, are mild from oral intake. Occupational exposure may cause cancer. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals and humans. 

Molybdenum trioxide has been found to be toxic in experimental animals by oral, dermal, and intraperitoneal routes. 

The compound is toxic by oral and intraperitoneal routes. The intraperi-toneal lethal dose in rat is 100 mg/kg. 

Another study (202) of sulfadiazine pharmacokinetics in carp treated by the intraperitoneal route showed an elimination half-life of 17.5 h at 20 C. Both acetylation and hydroxylation metabolic pathways appeared to occur, but they only represented 2% and 0.41 % of the dose, respectively. This is in strong contrast to the metabolism profile of sulfadiazine in mammals, where hydroxylation is much more important. 

The reduction of nitro groups may also be catalyzed by microsomal reductases and gut bacterial enzymes. The reduction passes through several stages to yield the fully reduced primary amine, as illustrated for nitrobenzene (Fig. 4.39). The intermediates are nitrosobenzene and phenylhydroxylamine, which are also reduced in the microsomal system. These intermediates, which may also be produced by the oxidation of aromatic amines (Fig. 4.21), are involved in the toxicity of nitrobenzene to red blood cells after oral administration to rats. The importance of the gut bacterial reductases in this process is illustrated by the drastic reduction in nitrobenzene toxicity in animals devoid of gut bacteria, or when nitrobenzene is given by the intraperitoneal route. 

Negative if 5 mg/kg bw is given by the intraperitoneal route, which causes greater toxicity. 

There is a tight correlation during infection between the deposition of parasite eggs and the development of the Th2 response. This is due to the inherent ability of schistosome eggs to induce Th2 responses, a characteristic that has been demonstrated repeatedly in mice injected via intravenous, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes with isolated eggs and/or soluble egg antigens (Pearce and MacDonald,... 

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