Chromosomal analysis

Uncultured cells have also been used to a limited extent for fetal sex determination. This Is possible because the cells can be appropriately stained and examined for the presence of sex chromatin, characteristic of female cells, and for the fluorescent Y-body, characteristic of male cells (33,34). However, these cytologic techniques are not completely reliable, and It Is still desirable to determine fetal sex by direct chromosome analysis (35). 

Kadotanl, T. Sato, H. Ohama, K. and Takahara, H. "A Technical Note on the Antenatal Chromosome Analysis by Trans-abdomlnal Fetal Skin Biopsy". Jap. Jour. Htiman Genet., (1971), 16, 42-47. 

Bauchinger M, Schmid E, Schmidt D. 1972. [Chromosome analysis of policemen with increased blood level.] MutatRes 16 407-412. (German)... 

International Atomic Energy Agency, Routine Use of Chromosome Analysis in Radiation Protection, Proceedings of an Advisory Group Meeting. Fontenay-aux-Roses, France TecDoc-224, Vienna (Dec. 

Cell Cycle Analysis and Kinetics Apoptosis Calcium Flux Chromosome Analysis Micronuclei Analysis Intracellular pH Intracellular Glutathione Oxidative Burst Cell Viability... 

Wilmer, J.W.G.M. and N.De Vogel. 1988. Chromosome analysis of Chinese hamster ovary cells treated in vitro with FC141b. TNO Report No. V88.156/271236, TNO-CIVO Institutes, 3700 AJ. Zeist, The Netherlands. 

Damage induced in whole animals can be detected in in vivo chromosome assays in either somatic or germinal cells by examination of metaphases or the formation of micronuclei. The micronucleus test can also detect whole chromosome loss or aneuploidy in the absence of clastogenic activity and is considered comparable in sensitivity to chromosome analysis (Tsuchimoto and Matter, 1979). 

Blazak, W.E, Steward, B.E., Galperin, I., Allen, K.L., Rudd, C.J., Mitchell, A.D. and Caspary, W.J. (1986). Chromosome analysis of triflourothymidine-resistant L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells colonies. Environ. Mutagen. 8 229-240. 

OECD (1983). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. No. 475. Genetic toxicology in vivo mammalian bone marrow cytogenetic test chromosomal analysis. Adopted 4 April 1984. 

Conventional Chromosome Analysis versus High-Resolution... 

Lichter, P. and Reid, T. (1994) Molecular analysis of chromosome aberrations in situ hybridization, in Chromosome Analysis Protocols (Gosden, J. R., ed.), Humana, Totowa, NJ, pp. 449 78. 

Hamsters and rats were exposed to an average concentration of 817 and 820 ppm, respectively, for 4 days. In both animal species, there were distinct signs of toxicity 4 of 10 hamsters died during the exposure. Chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells after the exposure indicated no damaging effects. 

Malallah, G., Danford, N. Parry, J.M. (1982) Chromosome analysis of cultures rat-liver epithelial cells (rl4) treated with 4-chloromethylbiphenyl, 4-hydroxymethylbiphenyl and benzyl chloride. Mutat. Res., 100, 279-282... 

Potashnik, G. Abeliovich, D. (1985) Chromosomal analysis and health status of children conceived to men during or following dibromochloropropane-induced spermatogenic suppression. Andrologia, 17, 291-296... 

Chromosomal analysis of peripheral lymphocytes from 10 people who had been occupationally exposed to dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (and diethylcarbamoyl chloride) for periods ranging from 4 to 17 years showed differences in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (inclusive and exclusive gaps), when compared with a control group of 10 people matched for age, although statistical evaluation revealed no significant increase (Fleig Thiess, 1978). 

Xu, W. Adler, I.-D. (1990) Clastogenic effects of known and suspect spindle poisons studied by chromosome analysis in mouse bone marrow cells. Mutagenesis, 5, 371-374... 

Cells, Treatment, and Chromosome Analysis. About 4 X 105 CHO-K1 cells (Flow Laboratories, Scotland) were seeded into Ham s F10 medium (Flow) supplemented with 10 newborn calf serum (Flow). These cells were incubated at 37 °C and 5 C02 in 25-cm3 tissue culture flasks. Twenty-four hours later, the cells were exposed for 1 h at 37 °C to a maximum of 50 /zL of drinking water concentrate (neutral fraction) in a total volume of 3 mL of Ham s F10, without serum. As a positive control, 4-methoxyaniline, dissolved in DMSO, was used. 

Adolph, K. W., ed. (1993) Methods in Molecular Genetics Gene and Chromosome Analysis, Vols. 1 and 2, Academic Press, San Diego, California... 

Another application of graph theory to chemistry is in chromosome analysis. Suppose a chromosome is broken into a number of pieces and each piece analyzed. If this is done a number of times, the pieces found will overlap in various ways. 

Atkinson, K.H. (1980) Chromosome analysis of Schistosoma rodhaini (Trematoda Schistosomatidae). Canadian Journal of Cenetics and Cytology 22, 143-1 47. 

Molecular biology and chromosome analysis are discussed in Chapters 25 28 of Melamed et al. A special issue (Volume 11, Number 1, 1990) of the journal Cytometry, although somewhat aged, is devoted to the subject of... 

MONITORING TECHNIQUES OF GREATEST POTENTIAL CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES... 

Developmental none Prenatal and postnatal development none Genetic toxicology Ames test, unscheduled DNA synthesis, chromosome analysis, mouse lymphoma and micronucleus tests... 

The principle techniques of the micronucleus assay can be applied at the end of a subacute/sub chronic study in the bone marrow of rodents (princliples are described in the section on genotoxicity elsewhere in this book). Usually, only bone marrow from one femur is used for histopathology, thus, the marrow from the second femur can be used for the micronucleus assay. It is not recommended to perform chromosomal analysis in animals from short-term or sub-chronic studies because this technique requires the in vivo treatment with antimitotic agents to arrest the mitotic stage of cell division. 

In this test, cultured cells are seeded onto slides and the cells, which had been treated with and without metabolic activation for a short time period (e.g. 3 hours). Where negative or equivocal results are obtained, an independent experiment is conducted in which cells are treated for a long time period (e.g. 20 hours) in the absence of metabolic activation alone, and then sampled and examined for chromosome analysis. In both experiments the cells were sampled 20 hours after the start of treatment, as were the concurrent solvent and positive control cultures. Colcemide was added to each culture 2 hours before sampling in order to arrest cell division. Chromosome preparations were made, fixed, stained and examined. However, if clearly positive results were obtained in the first experiment, those from the second assay were not examined. If equivocal or negative results were... 

Yoder J, Watson M, Benson WW. 1973. Lymphocyte chromosome analysis of agricultural workers during extensive occupational exposure to pesticides. Mutat Res 21 335-340. 

Van den Berghe H, Louwagie A, Broeckaert-Van Orshoven A, et al. 1979. Chromosome analysis in two unusual malignant blood disorders presumably induced by benzene. Blood 53 558-566. 

Gene testing may involve direct examination of the DNA molecule, biochemical tests for the gene products or chromosomal analysis. Genetic tests are used for several reasons, including ... 

Draw blood for chromosome analysis (possible biodosimetry) use heparinized tube. 

Ojeda IF et al (2007) Chromosomal analysis and identification based on optical tweezers and Raman spectroscopy reply. Opt Express 15(10) 6000-6002... 

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