Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis

Genotoxic effects have been reported in animals treated with 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine. A single dose of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (1,000 mg/kg) administered to male and pregnant female mice induced micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of the males and in the liver of the fetuses, but not in bone marrow of the dams (Cihak and Vontorkova 1987). A micronucleus test is performed to detect a chemical s ability to induce chromosomal aberrations. However, the relevance of micronuclei formation to human health is not known. The reason for the lack of effect of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine on bone marrow micronuclei formation in the mothers is unclear, but it may be related to deficiencies in the metabolic activation of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in female mice. The relative importance of pregnancy is unknown since the study did not evaluate nonpregnant females. In another study, an increase in unscheduled deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis (UDS) was observed in cultured liver cells from male mice previously pretreated orally with single doses of 500 mg/kg 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine no response was observed at a dose of 200 mg/kg (Ashby and Mohammed 1988). 

Yamaguchi, M. and Matsui, T. (1996). Stimulatory effect of zinc-chelating dipeptide on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Peptides 17,1207-1211. 

Howie JA. Gale GR. Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). Persistent and selective inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 1970 19(10) 2757-2762. 

Chakravorty, A. Joslyn, M.L Davis, J.S. Characterization of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I actions in the bovine luteal cell Regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase activity, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Endocrinology, 133, 1331-1340 (1993)... 

Scott, D, and H. J. Evans. 1964. On the non-requirement for deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the production of chromosome aberrations by 8-ethoxycaffeine. Mutation Research 1 146-156. 

White, A.G. et al. 1989. Lymphocyte activation changes in intracellular adenosine triphosphate and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Immunol Lett. 22, 47-50. 

Fundamental knowledge of the structure, function and mechanism of DNA-modifying enzymes has been important not only in understanding how these enzymes perform a myriad of chemical reactions Ml vZvo but also for the development of the field of recombinant DNA technology. The functions of the major groups of enzymes in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, hydrolysis and modification are reviewed, as well as some structural and mechanistic aspects of the restriction endonucleases, ligases and polymerases. 

The results of incorporation experiments using tritiated thymidine lend support to the hypothesis that thymidine rhamnosyl pyrophosphate in Lactobacillus acidophilus is an intermediate on the pathway to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. When cells were grown in a medium containing tritiated thymidine, labeled thymidine rhamnosyl pyrophosphate constituted two-thirds of the total label in the acid-soluble fraction. When these cells were transferred to a medium containing 2-deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxy-guanosine, and 2-deoxycytidine as the nucleosides, 99 % of the label initially present was transferred to deoxyribonucleic acid after incubation for 50 minutes. Therefore, almost complete incorporation (into deoxyribonucleic acids) of the isotope from tritiated th3anidine had occurred. 

Howie JA, Gale GR. CIs-dIchlorodlammlne platinum II persistent and selective Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro. Blochem Pharmacol 1970 19 2757-62. 

Rhodes, Free fatty acid-induced deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the pancreatic beta-cell line INS-1, Endocrinology, 2001, 142, 229-240. 

B25. Brody, S., and Balis, M. E., Mechanism of growth. I. Interrelation between deoxyribonuclease and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in nonmalignant growth. Cancer Res. 19, 538-543 (1959). 

Milner, G. R. 1969. Nuclear morphology and ultrastructural localization of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis during interphase. J. Cell Sci., 4 569-582. 

Nordenskjold, B. A., L. Skoog, N. C. Brown, and P. Reichard. 1970. Deoxyribonucleotide pools and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in cultured mouse embryo cells. J. Biol. Chem., 245 5360-5368. 

Smith HC, Berezney R (1982) Nuclear matrix-bound deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis an in vitro system. Biochemistry 21 6751-6761... 

Sims JL, Sikorski GW, Datino DM, Berger S, Berger NA (1982) Poly (adenosine diphospho-ribose) polymerase inhibitors stimulate unscheduled deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in normal human lymphocytes. Biochemistry 21 1813-1821... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis is the principal fate of the deoxyribonucleotides, and cells in a nonproliferating state apparently do not contain appreciable pools of these compounds. DNA is made during a particular portion of the intermitotic period (the S phase of the cell cycle) and it appears that the free deoxyribonucleotide precursors of DNA are made mainly at this time and are incorporated into the polynucleotide with little accumulation. This, coupled with the fact that only a small proportion of cells in most animal tissues are undergoing division at any one time, accounts for the low concentration of deoxyribonucleotides in animal tissues. 

Johnson LR, Guthrie PD. Secretin inhibition of gastrin-stimulated deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Gastroenterology 61 601-601, 1974. 

Fosket DE (1970) The time course of xylem differentiation and its relation to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in cultured Coleus stem segments. Plant Physiol 46 64—68 Gautheret RJ (1959) La culture des tissues vegetaux. Masson et Cie, Paris Gee H (1972) Localization and uptake of " C-IAA in relation to xylem regeneration in Coleus internodes. Planta 108 1-9... 

Preliminary experiments in our laboratory have indicated a disturbance in the functional activity of splenic cells from pantothenic acid-deficient rats immunized with diphtheria toxoid. In studies conducted in collaboration with Dr. Abram Stavitsky it was shown that splenic cells from immunized pantothenic acid-deficient rats, in contrast to those from normal immunized rats, were unable to fabricate antibody when cultured in vitro or when passively transferred to normal rats. In co-operation with Dr. Cecile Leuchtenberger evidence was obtained that the mean deoxyribonucleic acid content of isolated splenic nuclei from immunized pantothenic acid-deficient rats was lower than that of comparable controls. Deoxyribonucleic acid was determined by microspectrophotometric analysis of the Feulgen reaction (Leuchtenberger et al, 1951). These results may be interpreted to mean that the deficiency interfered with the acceleration of cellular division which normally accompanies antibody production in the spleen. Since cellular division is always preceded by an increase in deoxyribonucleic acid content, the direct participation of pantothenic acid in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis becomes an intriguing possibility. 

Jungwirth, C., and Launer, J., 1968, Effect of poxvirus infection on host cell deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, J. Virol. 2 401. 

Ensminger, W. D., and Tamm, I., 1970, Inhibition of synchronized cellular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis during Newcastle disease virus, mengovirus or reovirus infection, J. Virol. 5 672. 

Shizume, K., 1988, Effects of transforming growth factor-6 on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and iodine metabolism in porcine thyroid cells in culture. Endocrinology 123 1187. 

Hausmann, R., Gomez, B. Amber mutants of bacteriophages T3 and T7 defective in phage-directed deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. J. Virol. 1, 779-792 (1967). 

Latt, S. A. Stetten, G. Spectral studies on 33258 Hoechst and related bisbenzimidazole dyes useful for fluorescent detection of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1976,24,24-33. 

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