Mutagenic effects

Another characteristic feature of chemical mutagenesis is the delayed appearance of mutations. Sometimes, mutagenic effectiveness seems to continue several generations after treatment. It was first noticed by Auerbachwhile 

TABLE 8. Proportion of Mosaics among Mutants Induced Chemically in Male Germ Cells  

It should be noted that the occurrence of re mutation in all batches (100%) was attained as early as in C3 in both experiments. When mutation frequency was reasonably high, the appearance of re-producing batches could be expected to reach 100% in C3. This was actually observed for about half the number of families. 

Although the observed cases could be ascribed to a replicating instability of a locus produced in one of the strands of DNA (or a chromatid), the evidence 

TABLE 9. Procedure and Consequences of the Selection for Mutation Frequency in the Descendants of MMC-Treated Individuals 

---

Assays have shown that hydraziae can interact with DNA to eflcit mutagenic effects. The mutagenicity of hydraziae has been reviewed (171). 

Most of them are generally classified as poisons. Exceptions to this rule are known. A notable one is 4-dimethyl aminopyridine (DMAP) (24), which is widely used in industry as a superior acylation catalyst (27). Quaternary salts of pyridines are usually toxic, and in particular paraquat (20) exposure can have fatal consequences. Some chloropyridines, especially polychlorinated ones, should be handled with extra care because of their potential mutagenic effects. Vinylpyridines are corrosive to the skin, and can act as a sensitizer for some susceptible individuals. Niacin (27), niacinamide (26), and some pyridinecarbaldehydes can cause skin flushing. 

Sulfur dioxide shows some mutagenic effects in microorganisms and fruit flies. Human lymphocyte DNA damage has been observed. It is an equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria (183). 

Vanillin has been reported to be a bio antimutagen, demonstrating the abiUty to protect against mutagenic effects by enhancement of an error-free post-rephcation repair pathway. Vanillin has been reported to be nonmutagenic in bacterial systems, but conflicting results in mammalian systems leave no clear indication of the SCE-inducing potential of vanillin. 

Late Toxicity - Where there is evidence that a chemical can cause cancer, mutagenic effects, teratogenic effects, or delayed injury to vital organs such as the liver or kidney, a qualitative description of the chemical is given. The term implies long-term or chronic effects due to exposure to the chemical. 

Many 2-bromoamides were tested for toxicity or mutagenicity 2-bromo-N-benzyl-propanamide showed mutagenic effects, unrelated to its configuration (ref. 25). 

Dean BJ. 1972. The mutagenic effects of organophosphorus pesticides on micro-organisms. Arch Toxicol 30 67-74. 

Hofmann WP, Polta A, Herrmann E, Mihm U, Kronenberger B, Sonntag T, Lohmann V, SchonbergerB, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C (2007) Mutagenic effect of ribavirin on hepatitis C nonstructural 5B quasispecies in vitro and during antiviral therapy. Gastroenterology I32(3) 92I-930... 

L Vova TS. 1984. [Study of the mutagenic effect of 5 promising pesticides in mouse bone marrow cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and in the yeast Saccharomyces-cerevisiae.] Tsitol Genet 18 455-457. (Russian)... 

Many methods have now been developed for measuring the potential harmful effects chemicals can have. Common tests include those for irritancy, mutagenic effects, reproductive effects and acute toxicity. 

Some toxicity studies were performed analyzing Bfx and Fx mutagenic effects [240-242], For example, Bfx and Bfz nitro-substituted were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) TA 98 and TA 100 strains with and without metabolic activation (Ames test). All the Bfx (10/10) and some of the Bfz (9/15) are mutagenic without activation. Other study has demonstrated benzofuroxan (128, Fig. 20) is mutagenic in the Luria and Del-brueck s fluctuation test, with Klebsiella pneumoniae, and in the Ames test. In another study it has been found that compound 137 (Fig. 21) is not mutagenic to S. typhimurium. 

Table 4.11. Pesticide mutagenic effects observed using different numbers of test systems [96,97]... 

Sunscreens and their degradation metabolites analyzed in this study are potential inducers of the oestrogen (ER) and aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR, also known as Dioxin Receptor). Ectopic activation of these pathways can cause severe damage to organisms and their ecosystem by altering reproduction, hormonal and/or circulatory systems [73-75] as well as they have been associated with carcinogenic and mutagenic effects [76-78]. 

However, ozone may have some undesirable effects. There have been a few reports of changes in aroma and surface colour of some fruits and vegetables (Kim etal., 1999 Perez etal., 1999). Ozone can also be hazardous to humans. A concentration above 0.1 ppm in air has a strong odour that causes irritation of the nose, throat and skin (Sharma, 2005). In addition, long-term exposure to the gas may lead to mutagenic effects and even death. 

Sulfonated azo dyes are widely used in different industries [16]. Some structure of sulfonated and unsulfonated azo dyes is shown in Fig. 1. These water-soluble azo dyes will enter the environment generally with wastewater discharge. Also, these sulfonated and unsulfonated azo dyes have a negative aesthetic effect on the wastewater, and some of these compounds and biodegraded products are also toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic [17]. There exists clear evidence that sulfonated azo dyes show decreased or no mutagenic effect compared to unsulfonated azo dyes... 

Ishinishi, N. Koizumi, A. McClellan, R. 0. Stober, W. Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Elsevier Science Publishers, 1986. 

RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances number is a unique and unchanging number used to cross-reference the RTECS database, which is a compendium of data extracted from the open scientific literature. Six types of toxicity data are included in each file (1) primary irritation, (2) mutagenic effects, (3) reproductive effects, (4) tumorigenic effects, (5) acute toxicity, and (6) other multiple dose toxicity. 

Ferm, V.H. and W.M. Layton, Jr. 1981. Teratogenic and mutagenic effects of cadmium. Pages 743-756 in J.O. Nriagu (ed.). Cadmium in the Environment. Part II Health Effects. John Wiley, NY. 

Hayes, M.A. 1987. Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of PCBs. Pages 77-95 in S. Safe (ed.). Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Mammalian and Environmental Toxicology. Environ. Toxin Ser. 1. Springer-Verlag, New York. 

Deknudt, G., A. Leonard, J. Arany, G.J. Du Buisson, and E. Delavignette. 1986. In vivo studies in male mice on the mutagenic effects of inorganic arsenic. Mutagenesis 1 33-34. 

At doses of 0,01-0,05 mcg/kg, dioxin has mutagenic effect on lymph cells in mice. Embryo- and gonado-toxicity, as well as teratogenicity, are also observed. 

Heavy metals possess mutagenic effect. The assessment of mutagenic effect was assessed through evaluation of genes recessive mutation frequency in the micronucleus in oral mucous cells of children living at the tested areas (Tabl. 3). 

The mutagenic potential of hexachloroethane has not been evaluated in humans. Because hexachloroethane has been detected at hazardous waste sites, it would be useful to evaluate the potential for hexachloroethane to induce mutagenic effects in human cells (e.g., peripheral lymphocytes). 

---