Reverse mutation assay

Sodium chlorite is not Hsted by the USEPA or any regulatory authority as a carcinogen. Studies conducted ia mice and rats did not show an increase in tumors in animals exposed to sodium chlorite in thek drinking water. Sodium chlorite has been found to have mutagenic activity in some in vitro test systems such as the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay without the presence of metaboHc activators. The significance of these test results in regard to human health is not clear because of the oxidizing effects of the chlorite ion (149). 

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

Much toxicological data are available on this red pigment acute oral toxicity in mice, 90-day subchronic toxicological study, acute dermal irritation and corrosion, acute eye irritation and corrosion, anti-tumor effectiveness, micronucleus test in mice, AMES test Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay), estimation of antibiotic activity, and results of estimation of five mycotoxins. A new patent on Arpink Red was filed in 2001 with claims of anti-cancer effects of the anthraquinone derivatives and apphcations in the food and pharmaceutical fields. 

Assays for Gene Mutations Salmonella Typhimurium reverse mutation assay (Ames test, / ... 

Ecoflex (powder) was tested for its mutagenic potential on the basis of its ability to induce point mutations in several bacterial strains Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coll) in a reverse mutation assay (Ames test), according to OECD guideline 471. Results revealed that the polyester is not mutagenic to bacteria. 

The bacterial and mammalian cell assays for gene mutation were developed to measure statistically significant increases in the numbers of mutant colonies derived from rare events many millions of exposed cells must be plated out to allow the assessment of mutation frequency. The Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay ( Ames test) is carried out in a variety of different mutant strains selected to identify the various classes of mutation. The test generates many hundreds of Petri dishes for counting and is not practical for profiling. 

Aubrecht, J., Osowski, J.J., Persaud, P., Cheung, J.R., Ackerman, J., Lopes, S.H. and Ku, W.W. (2007) Bioluminescent Salmonella reverse mutation assay a screen for detecting mutagenicity with high throughput attributes. Mutagenesis, 22, 335-342. 

The genotoxic potential of brinzolamide was evaluated by the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) with S typhimurium and E coli, an in vitro mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay (MLFMA), an in vivo... 

Skopek, T. R., H. L. Liber, D. A. Kaden, and W. G. Thilly, Relative Sensitivities of Forward and Reverse Mutation Assays in Salmonella typhimurium," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 75, 4465-4469 (1978a). 

Glycidol gave a positive response in assays of prophage induction and SOS repair m Escherichia coli. Results were uniformly positive in several Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assays and in two fungal mutation assays. The sex-linked recessive lethal mutation assay and the heritable translocation test in Drosophila melanogaster also gave positive results. 

Trueman, R.W. Callander, R.D. (1982) 4-Chloromethylbiphenyl, 4-hydroxymetliylbiphenyl and benzyl chloride comparison of mutagenic potential using the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. Mutat. Res.. 100. 55-59... 

Although one of the first assays for mutagenicity was a forward mutation to streptomycin resistance in E. coli, forward-mutation assays in bacteria have not been used as extensively as reverse-mutation assays. A forward-mutation assay should detect a wider range of mutagens than the presumably more restrictive reverse-mutation assays, but, in practice, there is little evidence to support this expectation. 

Ray, and R.S. Stafford. An evaluation of the Escherichia coli WP2 and WP uvrA reverse mutation assay. Mutat. Res. 76 169-190, 1980. 

Thilly. Relative sensitivities of forward and reverse mutation assays in Salmonella typhimurium. 

In general, genotoxicity standard assays (e.g., bacterial reverse mutation assay [Ames test], in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, mouse lymphoma gene mutation assay, and rodent micronucleus assay) may not be suitable assays because the test cells do not contain the appropriate receptors to transport the product (i.e.,not a relevant species) or because the biopharmaceutical... 

This theoretical example of a QSAR assessment is presented to exhibit FDA s current approach to using S AR as a tool in the safety evaluation of substances proposed for use as food contact materials. If anthrafurin (1,6-dihydroxy anthraquinone CASRN 117-12-4 Fig. 7.3) were expected to be an impurity in a food contact material, an immediate initial concern would be raised due to reports in the literature of positive results in the bacterial reverse mutation assay and other in vitro genetic toxicity tests. A literature search did not identify relevant carcinogenicity data for anthrafurin. 

In the point-mutation studies (1). Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as the target cell, and the effects of the chemical were tested in a direct in vitro assay without metabolic activation and in a host-mediated modification. In the direct reverse-mutation assay, there were increases by a factor of 2-6 in the number of His revertants and by a factor of 2-7 in the number of trp revertants over the spontaneous frequencies. In contrast, there were no reported Increases in the number of Hls or trp revertants in the host-mediated assay. 

Ackerman J, Sharma R, Hitchcock J, et al. Inter-laboratory evaluation of the bioluminescent Salmonella reverse mutation assay using 10 model chemicals. Mutagenesis. 2009 24(5) 433-438. 

Acetone (reagent grade) was evaluated by the standard plate incorporation method in the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay with strains TA98, TAIOO, TAI535, TAI537, and TAI538. 

Ammonium perchlorate was tested in a battery of genotoxicity tests and found to be negative in all tests, including a reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium and the L5178Y/TK" mouse Ecotoxicology... 

Short-term studies of ethyl acetate in bacteria yielded equivocal results in a Bacillus subtilis rec assay for DNA damage/repair and negative (not mutagenic) results in the Salmonellalmicrosome reverse mutation assay. 

Data on the in vitro mutagenicity [Salmonella reverse mutation assay) are negative positive responses in some in vitro assays occurred only in the presence of... 

In vitro assays with ethyiamine yieided negative (not mutagenic) resuits in the Salmonellalmicrosomt reverse mutation assay, and an increase in sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 ceiis. 

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