Salmonella reverse mutation

Sodium chlorite is not Hsted by the USEPA or any regulatory authority as a carcinogen. Studies conducted ia mice and rats did not show an increase in tumors in animals exposed to sodium chlorite in thek drinking water. Sodium chlorite has been found to have mutagenic activity in some in vitro test systems such as the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay without the presence of metaboHc activators. The significance of these test results in regard to human health is not clear because of the oxidizing effects of the chlorite ion (149). 

Macgregor, J.T., D.H. Gould, A.D. Mitchell, and G.P. Sterling. 1979. Mutagenicity tests of diflubenzuron in the micronucleus test in mice, the L5178Y mouse forward mutation assay, and the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation test. Mutat. Res. 66 45-53. 

Aubrecht, J., Osowski, J.J., Persaud, P., Cheung, J.R., Ackerman, J., Lopes, S.H. and Ku, W.W. (2007) Bioluminescent Salmonella reverse mutation assay a screen for detecting mutagenicity with high throughput attributes. Mutagenesis, 22, 335-342. 

CHT has not been tested thoroughly for mutagenicity. On the basis of unpublished studies conducted by Edgewood, it has been suggested that CHT is nonmutagenlc in the Salmonella reverse-mutation test,H the micronucleus test in mice,H and a dominant-lethal test in rats.6 Limitations in the available data base, however, make it impossible to reach clear conclusions regarding the genotoxi-city of CHT. 

The Salmonella reverse-mutation test reported for CHT does not seem to have been an adequate negative test. In strains TA1538 and TA100 with metabolic activation, the range of dosages was too... 

Trueman, R.W. (1981) Activity of 42 coded compounds in the Salmonella reverse mutation test... 

Trueman, R.W. Callander, R.D. (1982) 4-Chloromethylbiphenyl, 4-hydroxymetliylbiphenyl and benzyl chloride comparison of mutagenic potential using the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. Mutat. Res.. 100. 55-59... 

Trueman, R.W. (1981) Activity of 42 coded compounds in the Salmonella reverse mutation test. In de Serres, F.J. Ashby. J., eds, Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program (Progress in Mutation Research, Vol. 1), Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 343-350... 

Ackerman J, Sharma R, Hitchcock J, et al. Inter-laboratory evaluation of the bioluminescent Salmonella reverse mutation assay using 10 model chemicals. Mutagenesis. 2009 24(5) 433-438. 

Acetone (reagent grade) was evaluated by the standard plate incorporation method in the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay with strains TA98, TAIOO, TAI535, TAI537, and TAI538. 

Data on the in vitro mutagenicity [Salmonella reverse mutation assay) are negative positive responses in some in vitro assays occurred only in the presence of... 

Several in vitro genotoxicity studies have been conducted for naphthalene. Naphthalene has not been found to be genotoxic in the Salmonella reverse mutation assay. However, naphthalene has been reported to have genotoxic effects in nonmammalian assay studies. In various in vitro studies, naphthalene has been shown to have the potential to induce chromosomal damage in mammalian cells. 

Figure 10.1. Correlation data for the sensitivity and specificity for single in vitro genotoxicity assays and assay combinations. Ames, Salmonella reverse mutation test introduced by B. Ames MLA, tk assay using the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line Cab, chromosome aberration test with different mammalian cell types MN, in vitro micronucleus assay with different mammalian cell types. [Data according to Kirkland et al. (2005a).]...

Other jet fuels and related middle distillate fractions (MDFs) have been tested in bacteria and in vitro mammalian cell assays. As summarized by IARC (1989), jet fuel A and JP-5 were not mutagenic in Salmonella reverse-mutation assays. Neither was MD API 81-07, a hydrodesulfurized kerosene sample (Pennzoil 1988, as reviewed by Skisak 1991). 

Validation of the Mutatox test system has been und way for ova 3 years and several comparative studies have been published [51-54]. Two types of studies have been undolaken. Pure compound studies have been performed to establish a database of sensitivity using an accepted list of compounds wiA known genotoxic activity. These lest data were compared with the commonly used Salmonella reverse mutation assay developed by Ames [55] as well as carcinogenicity scores (Table 14.1). 

Salmonella reverse mutation assay (Ames test) Looks for back mutation to autotrophy (independence from exogenously supplied histidine) of cultured mutant Salmonella (auxotroph, deficient in histidine biosynthesis and thus dependent on exogenous supply of this amino acid) after exposure to the test substance Calf thymus oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is measured as a marker of oxidative DNA damage caused by test substance... 

Genotoxicity tests were performed with senna fruit, senna leaf extract, sennosides, rhein, and aloe-emodin. Senna fruit, sennosides, and rhein did not increase mutation frequencies in the following test systems bacterial systems, mammalian cell culture tests, mouse lymphoma test, chromosome aberration test with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, bone marrow micronucleus test, chromosome aberration tests, and melanoblast cell test. With aloe-emodin, mutagenic effects were observed only in vitro in the chromosome aberration test with CHO cells and in the Salmonella reverse mutation test. In the in vitro gene mutation test with V79 cells, no mutagenic potential of aloe-emodin was observed. In vivo studies indicated no mutagenic activity of aloe-emodin, and aloe-emodin did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in an ex vivo assay performed with hepato-cytes of male rats (Heidemann et al. 1993). 

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