Acute Inhalation Toxicity

Acute Inhalation Toxicity - Acute Toxic Class (ATC) Method, Draft New Guideline (December 2004) 487 In Vitro Micronucleus Test, Draft New Guideline (June 2004)... 

Moderate to high inhalation toxicity acute toxic symptoms — shortness of breath and respiratory distress LC50 inhalation (rats) 38 ppm/4 h chronic toxicity symptoms from inhalation were hypersensitivity to sound and touch, dermatitis, and testicular degeneration in rats at 0.6-2.2-ppm concentration level, and nausea, diarrhea, lacrima-tion, and tremor in dogs at the same level of concentration (ACGIH 1986) ceiling 0.25 mg/m (0.05 ppm)... 

Skin sensitization Inhalation toxicity (acute) Subchronic tests... 

The Du Pont HaskeU Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine has conducted a study to determine the acute inhalation toxicity of fumes evolved from Tefzel fluoropolymers when heated at elevated temperatures. Rats were exposed to decomposition products of Tefzel for 4 h at various temperatures. The approximate lethal temperature (ALT) for Tefzel resins was deterrnined to be 335—350°C. AH rats survived exposure to pyrolysis products from Tefzel heated to 300°C for this time period. At the ALT level, death was from pulmonary edema carbon monoxide poisoning was probably a contributing factor. Hydrolyzable fluoride was present in the pyrolysis products, with concentration dependent on temperature. 

Health and Safety Factors. VDE is a flammable gas its combustion products are toxic. Liquid VDE on contact with the skin can cause frostbite. Acute inhalation toxicity of VDE is low median lethal concentrations (LC q) for rats were 128,000 ppm after a single 4-h exposure (52) and 800,000 ppm after a 30-min exposure (53). Cumulative toxicity is low exposure of rats and mice at levels of up to 50,000 ppm for 90 days did not cause any... 

Compound Acute oral LD q, g/kg (lat) Inhalation toxicity, LC q Dermal LD, g/kg (rabbit) Rem arks... 

Indicators of toxicity hazards include LD50, LC50, plus a wide range of in vitro and in vivo techniques for assessment of skin and eye indtation, skin sensitization, mutagenicity, acute and chronic dermal and inhalation toxicity, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity etc. 

Sterner W, Chibanguza G (1976) Acute inhalation toxicity of dibutyltin dichloride in rats, internationai Bio-Research, inc., March. 

NIOSH. 1986. Acute and chronic respiratory effects of exposure to inhaled toxic agents. In Merchant JA, ed. Occupational respiratory diseases. Publication of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 571-605. DHHS (NIOSH) publication no. 86-102. 

Levin, B.C. Fowell, A.J. Birky, M.M. Paabo, M. Stolte, A. Malek, D. Further Development of a Test Method for the Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Combustion Products, NBSIR 82-2532. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1982. 

TABLE 2-5 Acute Inhalation Toxicity in Mice Exposed to Arsine (Levvy 1948)... 

Craig, D.K., and J.Frye. 1988. Acute LC50 Nose Only Inhalation Toxicity Studies of Arsine in Rats [final report with cover letter to the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, dated Feb. 21, 1992], Battelle, Columbus, OH. 

MacEwen, J.D., and E.H.Vemot. 1975. Acute inhalation toxicity of hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in golden Syrian hamsters. Toxic Hazards Research Unit Annual Report. AMRL-TR-75-57. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. 

Acute aerosol inhalation toxicity of carbofuran to warm-blooded animals... 

Ballantyne, B., D.E. Dodd, I.M. Pritts, D.J. Nachreiner, and E.H. Fowler. 1989. Acute vapour inhalation toxicity of acrolein and its influence as a trace contaminant in 2-methyoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran. Human Toxicol. 8 229-235. 

Table 12.6 Acute Aerosol Inhalation Toxicity of Carbofuran to Warm-Blooded Animals...

Karlsson N, Cassel G, Fangmark I, et al. 1986. A comparative study of the acute inhalation toxicity of smoke from Ti02-hexaehloroethane and Zn-hexachloroethane pyrotechnic mixtures. Arch Toxicol 59 160-166. 

IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) (NIOSH 1997) represents the maximum concentration from which one could escape within 30 min without any escapeimpairing symptoms or any irreversible health effects. The IDLH for phosgene is based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans (Diller 1978). 

Hatch, G.E., Slade, R., Stead, A.G., and Graham, J.A. 1986. Species comparison of acute inhalation toxicity of ozone and phosgene. J. Toxicol. Environmental Health 19 43—53. 

Slade, R., Highfill, J.W., and Hatch, G.E. 1989. Effects of depletion of ascorbic acid or nonprotein sulfhydryls on the acute inhalation toxicity of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and phosgene. Inhalation Toxicol. 1 261-271. 

HFC-134a has very low acute inhalation toxicity. In rats, lethal concentrations during exposure periods of 15 min to 4 h ranged from >500,000 to >800,000 ppm (Collins 1984 Silber and Kennedy 1979a). Concentrations at 200,000 ppm and greater induce anesthetic-like effects (Larsen 1966). Monkeys, dogs, and mice recovered without adverse effects from anesthetic doses of 270,000 (mice) to 800,000 ppm (dogs), the latter exposures at up to 5 h (Shulman and Sadove 1967). 

Rissolo, S.B., and J.A.Zapp. 1967. Acute inhalation toxicity. Report No. 190-67. Haskell Laboratory Wilmington, DE. (Cited in NRC 1996). 

Hardy, J.C., G.C.Jackson, R.S.Rad, D.J.Lewis, and C.Gopinath. 1989b. Acute inhalation toxicity study in rats (PWT95/881676), Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd., Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England (Cited in ECETOC 1994). 

In vitro chromosome aberration test In vitro gene mutation assay Acute oral toxicity Acute inhalation or dermal toxicity... 

This rule holds reasonably well when C or t varies within a narrow range for acute exposure to a gaseous compound (Rinehart and Hatch, 1964) and for chronic exposure to an inert particle (Henderson et al., 1991). Excursion of C or / beyond these limits will cause the assumption Ct = K to be incorrect (Adams et al., 1950, 1952 Sidorenko and Pinigin, 1976 Andersen et al., 1979 Uemitsu et al., 1985). For example, an animal may be exposed to 1000 ppm of diethyl ether for 420 min or 1400 ppm for 300 min without incurring any anesthesia. However, exposure to 420,000 ppm for lmin will surely cause anesthesia or even death of the animal. Furthermore, toxicokinetic study of fiver enzymes affected by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride (Uemitsu et al., 1985), which has a saturable metabolism in rats, showed that Ct = K does not correctly reflect the toxicity value of this compound. Therefore, the limitations of Haber s rule must be recognized when it is used in interpolation or extrapolation of inhalation toxicity data. 

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