Toxicity subacute

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

For disodium undecyleneamido MEA-sulfosuccinate (DUMS) a test report [97] indicates that the subacute toxicity, measured as 30% of LD50 during 5 days, allowed all test animals to survive. 

Williams MW, Fuyat HN, Fitzhugh OG. 1959. The subacute toxicity of four organic phosphates to dogs. Toxicology 1 1-7. 

Toxicological Chronic toxicity Carcinogenicity Fertility study (multi-generation) Embryotoxicity (non-rodent) Acute/subacute toxicity in 2nd species Toxicokinetics... 

Ecotoxicological Prolonged fish toxicity (including reproduction) Avian acute/subacute toxicity Accumulation, degradation and mobility tests... 

In toxicity studies, acute toxicity tests are usually carried out in the rat, mouse, cat, and dog. Subacute toxicity studies for IM products are performed by giving SC injections to rats and IM injections to dogs. In IV studies the rat tail vein or a front leg is used. Deliberate overdosing usually washes out metabolism differences between species. In dogs it is common to give an IV dose five times that intended for humans. In rats this is increased to 10 times. 

Major organ function tests Acute and subacute toxicity studies... 

Toxicological properties Acute toxicity (by two routes of admission) Skin irritation Eye irritation Skin sensitization 28 days subacute toxicity Ames test In vitro metaphase analysis (or mouse micronucleus test)... 

In subacute toxicity studies only the highest rifaximin dose (i.e. 100 mg/kg, corresponding to 25 times the therapeutic dose in humans) induced mild toxic effects (like, for instance, acute gastroenteritis) connected to the topical GI action of the drug [59, 255], A dose-dependent increase of the total cholesterol value was recorded in female animals [255], most likely due to an alteration of biliary acid metabolism consequent to the antibiotic effect on gut flora [256]. 

Maita, K., M. Hirano, K. Mitsumori, K. Takahashi, and Y. Shirasu. 1981. Subacute toxicity studies with zinc... 

Neskovic, N.K., I. Elezovic, V. Karan, V. Poleksic, and M. Budimir. 1993. Acute and subacute toxicity of atrazine to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 25 173-182. 

Hill, E.F. and M.B. Camardese. 1982. Subacute toxicity testing with young birds response in relation to age and intertest variability of LC50 estimates. Pages 41-65 in D.W. Lamb, and E.E. Kenaga (eds.). Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology Second Conference. Am. Soc. Testing Mater. ASTM STP 757. 

Sherman, M. and E. Ross. 1969. Acute and subacute toxicity of Japanese quail of the carbamate insecticides, carbofuran, and SD 8530. Poult. Sci. 48 2013-2018. 

Davies, D.B. and B J. Holub. 1980b. Comparative subacute toxicity of dietary diazinon in the male and female rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 54 359-367. 

Arcton-134a Subacute toxicity to the rat by inhalation. ICI Report No. CTL/P/463. Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderly Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K. (Cited in NRC 1996). 

Elsberry, D. (1986). Screening approaches for acute and subacute toxicity studies. In Safety Evaluation of Drugs and Chemicals (Lloyd, W., Ed.). Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C., pp. 145-151. 

Shaffer, C.B. and West, B. (1960). The acute and subacute toxicity of technical o,o-diethyl s-2-diethyl-aminoethyl phosphorothioate hydrogen oxalate (TETRAM). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2 1-13. 

One of the prime concerns, apart from acute and subacute toxicity, is the question of whether a product causes chronic effects. In this context, carcinogenicity studies are of cardinal importance. A possible chronic hazard may be indicated by epi-demological studies. Where such investigations are not available, experiments are performed on animals for the duration of their entire life span. The type of application depends on the exposition (perorally, dermally, per inhalation). 

Gharbi N, Pressac M, Hadchouel M, Szwarc H, Wilson SR, Moussa F (2005) [60]Fullerene is a powerful antioxidant in vivo with no acute or subacute toxicity. Nano Lett. 5 2578-2585. 

Chen HHC, Yu C, Ueng TH, Chen SD, Chen BJ, Huang KJ, Chiang LY (1998) Acute and subacute toxicity study of water-soluble polyalkylsulfonated C-60 in rats. Toxicologic Pathology 26 143-151. 

Chu I, Villeneuve DC, Secours VE, et al. 1982b. Toxicity of trihalomethanes I. The acute and subacute toxicity of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform in rats. J Environ Sci Health B 17 205-224. 

Jorgenson TA, Rushbrook CJ. 1980. Effects of chloroform in the drinking water of rats and mice Ninety-day subacute toxicity study. Report by SRI International, Menlo Park, CA to Health Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. 

Aulerich RJ, Bursian GJ, Napolitano AC. 1990. Subacute toxicity of dietary heptachlor to mink ( Mustela vison). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19(6) 913-916. 

Knobloch, K., Szedzikowski, S., and Slnsarcyk-Zablobona. Acute and subacute toxicity of acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. 

Starek A, Fiema L, Cembala D, et al. 1975. [Comparing toxicity of certain oil products used as dielectrics in electroerosive working I. Acute and subacute toxicity.] Med Pr 26(3) 219-230. (Polish)... 

Groten, J.P., E.D. Schoen, P.J. van Bladeren, F.C.F. Kuper, J.A. van Zorge, and V.J. Feron. 1997. Subacute toxicity of a combination of nine chemicals in rats Detecting interactive effects with a two-level factorial design. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 36 15-29. 

Horn HJ, Weir RJ Inhalation toxicology of chlorine trifluoride. I. Acute and subacute toxicity. AMA Arch Ind Health 12 515-521, 1955... 

Clary JJ, et al Toxicity of p-chloroprene (2-chlorobutadiene-1,3) Acute and subacute toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 46 375-384, 1978... 

Mellon Institute Submission of Data by FDA. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, University of Pittsburgh, Special Report on the Acute and Subacute Toxicity of Mono-, Di-, and Triethanolamine, Carbide and Carbon Chem Div, UCC Industrial Fellowship No 274-13 (Report 13-67), 1950... 

Freudenthal RI et al Dietary subacute toxicity of ethylene thiourea in the laboratory rat. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 1 147-161, 1977... 

McOmie WA, Barnes TR Acute and subacute toxicity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in mice and rabbits. Fed Proc 8 319, 1948... 

Mellon Institute Submission of Data by FDA. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, University of Pittsburgh, Special Report on the Acute and Subacute Toxicity of... 

De Jong, W.H., Kroese, E.D., Vos, J.G. and Van Loveren, H. (1999) Detection of immunotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene in a subacute toxicity study after oral exposure in rats. Toxicological Sciences, 50, 214-220. 

---