Clastogenic effects

In experimental animals and in vitro, DHBs show a variety of biological effects including binding of metaboHtes to various proteins. Clastogenic effects have been observed in vitro and in some in vivo studies with the three compounds. No reproductive effects have been shown by conventional studies with either hydroquinone, catechol, or resorcinol (122). Hydroquinone has been shown to induce nephrotoxicity and kidney tumors at very high doses in some strains of rat (123) catechol induces glandular stomach tumors at very high dose (124). Repeated dermal appHcation of resorcinol did not induce cancer formation (125). 

Rupa DS, Reddy PP, Reddi OS. 1991. Clastogenic effect of pesticides in peripheral lymphocytes of cotton-field workers. Mutat Res 261 177-180. 

Differently, and in agreement with previous findings (De Marco et al. 1995, 1999), both MN and AAT were observed in all treatments with MH (Fig. 1), including the positive control (H20 treatment). However, with respect to the positive control, the treatment with MH alone at different concentrations produced a significant increase of the clastogenic effect in V. faba, A. cepa and P. sativum (Ferrara et al. 2004) (Fig. 4). The MN and AAT frequencies increased as a function of MH concentration, but the differences were significant at the Duncan s test at P<0.05 only for AAT (Fig. 4). With respect to the positive control, the increases of frequencies measured for V. faba, A. cepa and P. sativum were for MN, respectively up to 9.8, 10 and 14 times, and for AAT, respectively up to 7.6, 2.8 and 1.8 times. 

Besides clastogenic effects, MH also produced phytotoxic effects on V. faba seedlings by reducing root length and dry weight, respectively to 70 and 62%, with respect to the positive control (H2O) treatment. However, the combinations of MH with PFA, PHA and LHA at either concentration, not only suppressed the toxic effect of MH, but also stimulated... 

Newton, M.E and Lilly, L.J. (1986). Tissue specific clastogenic effects of chromium and selenium salts in vivo. Mutation Res. 169 61-69. 

Tates, A.D.,Neuteboom, I., Hofker, M. and den Engelese, L. (1980). A micronucleus technique for detecting clastogenic effects of mutagens/carcinogens (DEN, DMN) in hepatocytes of rat liver in vivo. Mutation Res. 74 11-20. 

While many of the studies on genotoxicity of disulfoton were negative, the positive results indicate a potential for mutagenic and clastogenic effects in humans exposed to disulfoton. 

Chen H, Eastmond DA. 1995b. Topoisomerase inhibition by phenolic metabolites A potential mechanism for benzene s clastogenic effects. Carcinogenesis 16 2301-2307. 

San Agustin J, Lim-Sylianco CY. 1978. Mutagenic and clastogenic effects of chloroform. Bulletin of the Philippine Biochemical Society 1 17-23. 

The majority of micronuclei formed in this study were kinetochore negative, indicating a predominantly clastogenic effect of deoxycholic acid in these cells. Clastogenicity has previously been reported for organic fractions from human faeces and for ursodeoxycholic acid, utilising Chinese hamster ovary cells and human lymphocytes. 

No evidence of a clastogenic effect was found in mouse bone marrow erythroblasts after a single gavage administration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene at 2,500 mg/kg/day (Herbold 1986a). Similarly, no evidence of clastogenic effects were found in mouse bone erythroblasts after a single oral administration of... 

Herbold B. 1986a. Investigation of p-dichlorobenzene for clastogenic effects in mice using the micronucleus test. Institute of Toxicology. Report No. 14694. 

Mutagenesis A clastogenic effect was produced in an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 

The test for photoinduced chromosomal aberrations (CA) is another suitable alternative for photogenotoxicity assessment. The clastogenic effects of 8-MOP or 5-MOP under UV irradiation, but not in the dark, in these test systems have been known for many years [30, 62]. More recently, a large study on quinolones using this method has been published [63]. However, this method is relatively labor-intensive. 

Xiao, Y. Tates, A.D. (1995) Clastogenic effects of 1.3-butadiene and its metabolites 1,2-epoxy-butene and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane in splenocytes and germ cells of rats and mice in vivo. Environ. Health Perspect., 26, 97-108... 

Ciranni, R. Adler, I.-D. (1991) Clastogenic effects of hydroquinone induction of chromosomal aberrations in mouse germ cells. Mutat. Res., 263, 223-229... 

Xu, W. Adler, I.-D. (1990) Clastogenic effects of known and suspect spindle poisons studied by chromosome analysis in mouse bone marrow cells. Mutagenesis, 5, 371-374... 

Of two types of in vivo tests carried out on mammals—chromosome damage in bone marrow or testes—only the intratesticular injection of Parathion in the guinea pig yielded strongly positive (clastogenic) effects on spermatogonia (ref. 2b, p. 157) ... 

The clastogenic effects of male Swiss albino mice fed chromium(VI) trioxide (20 mg/kg body weight) by gavage were studied after 24 hours, bone marrow cells were isolated and 500 metaphase plates were scored for chromosomal aberrations (Sarkar et al. 1993). The treated cells showed a significant increase in aberrations per cell over controls by 4.4-fold. When animals were treated simultaneously with chlorophyllin (1.5 mg/kg), a sodium-copper derivative of chlorophyll and an antioxidant, numbers of aberrations were reduced to nearly background levels. 

Levis AG, Majone F. 1979. Cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of soluble chromium compounds on mammalian cell cultures. Br J Cancer 40 523-533. 

Newbold RF, Amos J, Connell JR. 1979. The cytotoxic, mutagenic and clastogenic effects of chromium-containing compounds on mammalian cells in culture. Mutat Res 67 55-63. 

Sarkar D, Sharma A, Talukder G. 1993. Differential protection of chlorophyllin against clastogenic effects of chromium and chlordane in mouse bone marrow in vivo. Mutat Res 301 33-38. 

Stella M, Montaldi A, Rossi R, et al. 1982. Clastogenic effects of chromium on human lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Mutat Res 101 151-164. 

Venier P, Montaldi A, Majone F, et al. 1982. Cytotoxic, mutagenic and clastogenic effects of industrial chromium compounds. Carcinogenesis 3(11) 1331-1338. 

Sekizawa and Shibamoto (1982) reported the mutagenicity of anethole present in fennel from their studies. Stich et al. (1981) examined the clastogenic activities (substances or processes which cause breaks in chromosomes) of quercetin from fennel seeds and the ubiquitous transition metal Mn2+ - individually and in various combinations. The clastogenic effects of the simultaneous application of arecoline from betel nut, plus quercetin, were greater than the action of quercetin alone. 

There are currently no reliable data on the dose-response relationship of benzene exposure and chromosomal effects. In light of the data of Ward et al. (1992), further investigation of mutational effects at low doses seems appropriate. Additional data on the quantitative relationship between measured exposures and clastogenic effects might provide an alternative biomarker of effect. 

---