Numerical references

There are numerous references in the literature to irreversible adsorption from solution. Irreversible adsorption is defined as the lack of desotption from an adsoibed layer equilibrated with pure solvent. Often there is no evidence of strong surface-adsorbate bond formation, either in terms of the chemistry of the system or from direct calorimetric measurements of the heat of adsorption. It is also typical that if a better solvent is used, or a strongly competitive adsorbate, then desorption is rapid and complete. Adsorption irreversibility occurs quite frequently in polymers [4] and proteins [121-123] but has also been observed in small molecules and surfactants [124-128]. Each of these cases has a different explanation and discussion. 

Specialist Periodical Reports of the Chemical Society (Condon), Organometallic Compounds, contaiu numerous references on titanium compounds which can be located through the volume iadexes. 

Numerous references to this compound as a 2.5 hydrate (183) or ttihydrate (184) are because of the presence of occluded mother Hquor. Since the salt remains in solution much of it is removed in filtration of the final Ca(OCl)2 paste the dried product contains about 70% av CI2. 

Numerous references for the preparation of aminoguanidine bicarbonate and other salts can be found in the excellent review article, The Chemistry of Aminoguanidine and Related Substances by Lieber and Smith. More recently, it has been prepared by treating a cyanamide solution at 20-50° with hydrazine and carbon dioxide, ... 

The solubility parameter concept has found widespread use in predicting the compatibility of components used in paints and coatings, and the patent literature contains numerous references to the solubility parameter or solubility parameter ranges in specifying formulations. Its use in predicting adhesion should apply in... 

Reviews of recent work on spasmolytic drugs have been published by Raymond and by Blicke, and a detailed account of the action of papaverine and its derivatives, including laudanosine and laudanine with numerous references to literature is given by Krueger, Eddy and bumwalt. ... 

The book is not a new edition of the Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds but an update of the 1976 edition with literature coverage from 1972 to 1991 The structure of the original book has been preserved, and it is assumed that its users are familiar with the 1976 edition, which was reprinted by Ellis Horwood in 1992 and to which numerous references are made The book will be useful especially to organic fluorine chemists engaged in laboratory research... 

For potential surveys on offshore platforms it is necessary to locate numerous reference electrodes at all levels on the structure. The hard-wire connections from these electrodes together with, for example, similar connections from specially monitored sacrificial anodes are best terminated and displayed at the surface on mimic display monitoring panels. 

Numerous references regarding alloying additions have been published, and the reader should look up specific effects for relevant alloying systems. 

The other changes we have made are almost too numerous to list separately in a Preface. As far as possible all subject areas have been up-dated and numerous references given to research papers and other textbooks to enable the reader to study particular topics more extensively if required. 

Fig. 4-15. A schematic view of the losses in an x-ray spectrograph. The Roman numerals refer to the steps in Table 4-4.

Uncertainties in Photochemical Models. The ability of photochemical models to accurately predict HO concentrations is undoubtedly more reliable in clean vs. polluted air, since the number of processes that affect [HO ] and [H02 ] is much greater in the presence of NMHC. Logan et al (58) have obtained simplified equations for [HO ] and [HO2 ] for conditions where NMHC chemistry can be ignored. The equation for HO concentration is given in Equation E6. The first term in the numerator refers to the fraction of excited oxygen atoms formed in R1 that react to form HO J refers to the photodissociation of hydrogen peroxide to form 2 HO molecules other rate constants refer to numbered reactions above. 

The modihcation of polymer surfaces by graft copolymerization of a monomer or monomers from active sites has been reported in numerous references [165-169]. The most common techniques are y- and EB radiations, which generate surface radicals. Monomers can be present in gas phase (sublimed solid), in solution or as neat liquid. 

It will be clear throughout this chapter that it is biased toward research performed at or in collaboration with the research group at the Debye Institute at Utrecht University. However, numerous references to other work are presented in order to put this research in a much broader perspective. 

It has been shown that the autocorrelation function (46) is the limit situation in the absence of damping of the autocorrelation function of the hydrogen bond within the indirect damping [8]. It must be emphasized that this autocorrelation function does not require for computation any particular caution because of its analytic character. Thus, it may be considered as a numerical reference for the computation involving representation I or III. 

We note that optimal control is a universal tool for experiment design and has also, in solid-state NMR spectroscopy, found additional applications in the design of homonu-clear dipolar recoupling [41], broadband rf pulses and quantum gates [71], building blocks of symmetry-based recoupling experiments [129], quadrupolar multiple-quantum MAS experiments [165], and improved pulses for quadrupolar nuclei [166]. Numerous references to further applications with regard to liquid-state NMR can be found in [72]. 

Powder flow is most frequently thought of as relevant to formulation development, and there are numerous references attempting to correlate any one of a number of measures of powder flow to the manufacturing properties of a formulation [34—40]. In particular, the importance of physical properties in affecting powder flow has been well documented. Research into the effect of the mechanical properties on powder flow has, however, been very limited. It is, of course, important to be able to determine and quantitate the powder flow properties of formulations. It is of equal importance, however, to determine the powder flow characteristics of bulk drug early in the development process (preformulation phase). Often, the preformulation or formulation scientist is constrained by time, materials, and manpower. Yet certainly the preformulation studies carried out should be meaningful. Well-defined experimental methods and procedures should be used the information generated should be reproducible and permit useful predictions to be made. 

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl is a volatile substance of limited stability at or above ambient temperature. Its tendency to decompose at undesirable sites in a process has posed a severe problem for commercial operations. Consequently, the patent literature contains numerous references to a variety of schemes for selectively removing cobalt from product and converting it to a form suitable for catalytic reuse. 

Alternatively, the translational energy threshold for endothermic proton transfer from MH+ to R can be measured using a flowing afterglow triple quadrupole instrument.127 These data define the proton affinity of M, relative to that of R. Thus, the PA of cyclopropenylidene was found to exceed that of ammonia by 23.3 1.8 kcal/mol (Table 6).128 In order to obtain absolute proton affinities, the enthalpies of formation of both the base and the conjugate acid must be known from other measurements (Eq. 9). Numerous reference compounds with known absolute PA are available.124... 

No kinetic data are available but numerous references to related pyrolysis and photolysis studies are given. The product distribution from the decomposition of dibenzyl mercury under a variety of conditions has also been reported (ref. 110 lists the pertinent papers). 

Hydrophobicity loss and recovery in silicone rubbers has been extensively studied and reviewed in a few recent publications with numerous references.581,582 The ability to recover hydrophobicity after oxidation or contamination is considered as one of the important features determining the applicability of silicones in electrical and other outdoor insulation. The methods of studying of what is known as aging and recovery mechanisms are discussed. 

This is, as the numerous references will show, probably the most important method for the synthesis of allenes by isomerizations (Reaction A in Scheme 1.1). Examples following a different mechanism but overall delivering analogous products will also be covered in this section. 

Numerous references to through-space 1H— 19F couplings have recently appeared in the literature ... 

Schulten et al. [16] identified the following N-containing compounds in NH-N fractions separated from several soils by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) pyrrole (la), methyl pyrrole (lb), pyridine (IVa), methylpyridine (IVb), indole (Via), and benzothiazole (XI). The Roman numerals refer to the chem-... 

The literature contains numerous references to the use of MS/MS in the determination of new neuropeptides in identified cells of invertebrates (Bulau et al., 2004, for a recent example) and this technique is now being applied to in situ analysis of vertebrate tissues (Fournier et al., 2003). MS/MS is also used for studies of neuropeptide processing (Nilsson et al., 2001), pharmacokinetics of synthetic peptides (Mock et al., 2002), nonpeptide drug metabolism (Kamel et al., 2003), identification of peptides purified by immunoaffinity (Suresh Babu et al., 2004), and MALDI/MS/MS techniques adaptable to brain dialysis (Bogan and Agnes, 2004). 

Available tobacco industry documents contain numerous references to free-base nicotine and many of these documents clearly refiect the tobacco industries evolution of knowledge in this area. For example, industry documents discuss the importance of pH and its infiuence on the distribution of nicotine between its conjugate acid-base forms. Examples from numerous documents are summarized below to illustrate how the tobacco indusfiy s knowledge of free-base nicotine evolved and how snch information was pnt to practical use. 

---