Laboratories, industrial research

Coal is used ia industry both as a fuel and ia much lower volume as a source of chemicals. In this respect it is like petroleum and natural gas whose consumption also is heavily dominated by fuel use. Coal was once the principal feedstock for chemical production, but ia the 1950s it became more economical to obtain most industrial chemicals from petroleum and gas. Nevertheless, certain chemicals continue to be obtained from coal by traditional routes, and an interest in coal-based chemicals has been maintained in academic and industrial research laboratories. Much of the recent activity in coal conversion has been focused on production of synthetic fuels, but significant progress also has been made on use of coal as a chemical feedstock (see Coal CONVERSION processes). 

After the Second World War, the technical innovations, both in steelmaking and in the physical metallurgy of steels, continued apace. A number of industrial research laboratories were set up around the world, of which perhaps the most influential was the laboratory of the US Steel Corporation in Pennsylvania, where some world-... 

Another element of concern at this interface is the perceived gap between academic basic research and industrial applied research. The recent trend towards shorter term goals within industrial research laboratories has further exacerbated... 

Thermospray ionisation sources are usually outfitted with a quadrupole or magnetic sector mass spectrometer (including hybrids or tandem forms). Thermospray operation allows a reversed-phase solvent system, e.g. a 50 50 (v/v) water-methanol or acetonitrile mix containing 0.1 M ammonium acetate. This ensures compatibility with the universal HPLC procedures available in many industrial research laboratories. 

In industrial research laboratories, AAS (in particular FAAS) is no longer being used to the same extent as in the past, despite the aforementioned important improvements in AAS technology. More rapid, multi-element methods have gradually taken over, such as ICP-AES, ICP-MS and NAA. However, the determination of one element is faster with AAS than with an ICP technique. Also, ICP-AES does not supersede GFAAS in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. 

Research had helped Du Pont convert from explosives to consumer goods. The company opened the first modern research laboratory in the American chemical industry in 1902. By 1921, the United States had more than 500 industrial research laboratories eager to duplicate goods previously imported from Germany. Most American industrial laboratories applied known scientific facts to practical problems, however. Thus, Du Pont s offer to Carothers embodied the first attempt by an American chemical manufacturer to discover new fundamental scientific explanations for natural phenomena. If Carothers was willing to work for industry, Du Pont was an attractive choice. 

Guyot, R.E., Diessel, C.F.K. Australian Coal Industry Research Laboratories, Published Report 79-3, 1978, Dec. 

Guyot, R.E., "Influence of Coal Characteristics on the Yields and Properties of Hydrogenation Products", Aust. Coal Industries Research Laboratories, Report PR 78-8, June 1978. 

Coals. The coals used in the present study are listed in Table 1, where some of their properties are also summarized. They were gratefully supplied from Nippon Steel Co., Nippon Kokan Co., and National Industrial Research Laboratory of Kyushu. 

In 1957 (2) platinic, ruthenium, and iridium chlorides were shown to be catalysts leading to very rapid additions, sometimes below room temperature, of many kinds of SiH compounds. These findings initiated much activity, chiefly in industrial research laboratories, in several countries, because they indicated that the manufacture of new organosilicon monomers and many new silicone polymers and copolymers would become commercially practicable for the first time. 

Thiophene chemistry has recently been the subject of extensive investigations in various academic institutions as well as in numerous industrial research laboratories. Although these studies led to few practical applications for thiophene and its derivatives, our fundamental knowledge in this field was appreciably advanced. Since Hartoughs critical review (35) several hundred articles and patents were published dealing with various phases of thiophene chemistry. It is not the purpose of this review to consider all the reports which have been published since October 1949, but rather to discuss the more basic advances which have contributed towards explaining all phases of the progress of the chemistry of this series. 

In this section, highlights from the large array of existing PEM materials will be presented, with examples from both academic and industrial research laboratories. The section is divided based on the chemical structure of fhe PEM ... 

While it is difficult to determine the actual number of Aftican Americans employed as chemists (all degree levels) in major industrial research laboratories in 1940, Ferguson claimed that there were at least 300. However, he speculated that most were probably employed as technicians or on the lower professional levels because they published little and were not widely known in black professional... 

Because of its obvious attractions, this system has been widely used in academic and industrial research laboratories. Interlaboratory comparisons have shown that under standardized conditions, consistent results can be obtained using known teratogens and non-teratogens. Considerable expertise is required, however, to distinguish between specific and non-specific effects and to interpret different types of embryotoxicity (Piersma et al., 1995). Although differences in rat strains may be relatively unimportant in detecting toxic effects (Piersma et al., 1995), control incidences of abnormalities do vary in different rat strains, so conditions have to be optimized prior to testing (Bechter Terlouw, 1993). 

Amine racemization has developed markedly over the last 25 years, and a range of complementary techniques from both academic and industrial research laboratories has come to fruition during this time. From early examples testing out the concept of racemization through to the more recent sophisticated catalytic methods, which have been demonstrated in cost-efficient industrial applications, there can be no question that this approach to waste recycling has a future in modern pharmaceutical manufacturing. 

These important results have stimulated many research workers in universities and industrial research laboratories in the world to investigate the particular state of aggregation and coordination that Tilv assumes when forced into framework positions of hydrophobic crystalline silicas. Researchers are also engaged in the search for other compounds containing titanium and silicon oxides with Tilv in the same coordination and environment, on the assumption that similar catalytic properties would be obtained. Relevant discoveries have been made, and additional valuable information has been obtained on this new class of materials and on their catalytic performance in many different reactions. 

In 1987, the successful startup of a new process was announced for the production of 10,000 tons/year of catechol and hydroquinone by the selective oxidation of phenol with H202 catalyzed by TS-1 at the Enichem plant in Ravenna, Italy (Notari, 1988). Soon thereafter, it was disclosed that another new process for the production of cyclohexanone oxime from cyclohexanone, H202, and NH3 with TS-1 as the catalyst was being developed (Roffia et al., 1990).The fact that a material with unusual catalytic properties had been obtained was then finally recognized, and the interest in titanium-containing catalysts spread rapidly in the scientific community, especially in industrial research laboratories. In the meantime, the synthesis method was studied and described in more detail and when all the necessary precautions were taken, TS-1 was reproduced in other laboratories, as were the highly selective catalytic reactions. The subsequent work confirmed that Ti v can assume the tetrahedral coordination necessary for isomorphous substitution of SiIV and added valuable information about the structure, properties and catalytic performance of the material. New reactions catalyzed by TS-1 have been discovered, and new synthetic methods... 

Additions of DMAD to the pharmacologically important benzodiazepines have been described by three different industrial research laboratories. Fryer et al.467 reacted 12 in hot dioxane and obtained 42% of 15. Convincing structural evidence for the product was obtained from NMR. The authors suggested that the reaction proceeded normally to the cyclobutene 13 which then gave 14 by loss of ethanethiol the latter could add a second mole of ester to give 16 which isomerized to 15 (Scheme 11) simpler schemes can also be devised. 

The importance of polymer composites can be judged in terms of more than four thousand publications in the last ten years. Additionally, several monographs1 4) have also been published, not to mention the considerable number of patents. Finally, it is worth noting that at international conferences 5> 6) concerning polymer composites a notable proportion of the contributors came from industrial research laboratories. 

Throughout the history of science, one can point to a single individual who deserves credit for making an important breakthrough discovery or invention. As scientific research has become more complex and more expensive, however, scientists are less likely to work independently and to make discoveries that they can claim for their very own. Instead, important inventions and discoveries are often credited to teams of researchers, in some cases large teams of scientists. And in many cases, those teams work under the auspices of some major industrial research laboratory. Such is the case with the development of the product now known as fiberglass. 

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