Academic research laboratories

With the emergence of SWE as an alternative to SFE opportunities exist for combining derivatisation reactions with aqueous extractions. Although extractions using superheated and supercritical water yield pleasing results, many instrumental problems will have to be overcome before this technique is ready to leave the (academic) research laboratories [77]. This approach might play a significant role in future analytical extractions. 

If one wishes to obtain a fluorine NMR spectrum, one must of course first have access to a spectrometer with a probe that will allow observation of fluorine nuclei. Fortunately, most modern high field NMR spectrometers that are available in industrial and academic research laboratories today have this capability. Probably the most common NMR spectrometers in use today for taking routine NMR spectra are 300 MHz instruments, which measure proton spectra at 300 MHz, carbon spectra at 75.5 MHz and fluorine spectra at 282 MHz. Before obtaining and attempting to interpret fluorine NMR spectra, it would be advisable to become familiar with some of the fundamental concepts related to fluorine chemical shifts and spin-spin coupling constants that are presented in this book. There is also a very nice introduction to fluorine NMR by W. S. and M. L. Brey in the Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.1... 

Multiphase catalytic reactions, such as catalytic hydrogenations and oxidations are important in academic research laboratories and chemical and pharmaceutical industries alike. The reaction times are often long because of poor mixing and interactions between the different phases. The use of gaseous reagents itself may cause various additional problems (see above). As mentioned previously, continuous-flow microreactors ensure higher reaction rates due to an increased surface-to-volume ratio and allow for the careful control of temperature and residence time. 

A series which presents the current state of the art in chosen areas of oils and fats chemistiy, including its relevance to the food and pharmaceutical industries. Written at professional and reference level, it is directed at chemists and technologists working in oils and fats processing, the food industry, the oleo-chemicals industry and the pharmaceutical industry, at analytical chemists and quality assurance personnel, and at lipid chemists in academic research laboratories. Each volume in the series provides an accessible source of information on the science and technology of a particular area. 

Recent advances in mass spectrometry have rendered it an attractive and versatile tool in industrial and academic research laboratories. As a part of this rapid growth, a considerable body of hterature has been devoted to the apph-cation of mass spectrometry in clinical studies. In concert with separation techniques such as hquid chromatography, mass spectrometry allows the rapid characterization and quantitative determination of a large array of molecules in complex mixtures. Herein, we present an overview of the above techniques accompanied with several examples of the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in pharmacokinetics/drug metabohsm assessment during drug development. 

Endotoxin contamination has been encountered frequently in Hb solutions. Historically, the production of Hb solutions low in endotoxin content has proven challenging, in part because much of the early work was performed in academic research laboratories that were not familiar with the techniques used in the pharmaceutical industry to prevent bacterial contamination of the process stream. In addition, Hb has been reported to bind endotoxin, making it even more difficult to completely remove once present. Therefore, the production of Hb solutions must be carefully designed to minimize the introduction of endotoxin into the process stream. 

In a first part, the application of combinatorial chemistry to heterogeneous catalysis is analysed in terms of current strategies and perspectives on the industrial and academic levels. Potential methodologies for academic research laboratories are proposed with emphasis on both theoretical and practical considerations. 

This book is written from the perspective of an NMR facility manager in an academic research laboratory and as such the topics included are naturally influenced by the areas of chemistry I encounter. The methods are chosen, however, for their wide applicability and robustness, and because, in many cases, they have already become established techniques in NMR laboratories in both academic and industrial establishments. This is not intended as a review of all recent developments in NMR techniques. Not only would this be too immense to fit within a single volume, but the majority of the methods would... 

Collaborations with academic scientists have historically been an important component of the drug industry s R D efforts and continue to be so today. Of all U.S. industries, innovation within the pharmaceutical industry is the most dependent on academic research and the Federal funds that support it. In recent years, advances in biotechnology that occurred within academic research laboratories added to the task of transferring basic scientific knowledge from academia and government to industrial applications. 

In the eighties, the european countries started to show some interest to that problem. It is only in June 1984 that the EC Commission proposed standarts of permissible pollutants in the exhaust gas from motor vehicles to be introduced in Europe these standarts were approved by the Ministers of the Environment one year later. Very quickly, a number of Academic research laboratories started working on the subject, and namely on the development of new catalysts. We thought that a need for exchange of results and of ideas had appeared and I have initiated the organization of international meetings on this topics at the University of Brussels under the title Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control associated with the acronym CAPoC-... 

The new book Modem Biopharmaceuticals has an impressive list of authors drawn both from world-renowned academic research laboratories and also from the world s leading biotech and pharmaceutical companies. The experts from this coalition of world-class companies, institutes and universities have direct experience of the cutting edge technologies described and understand the various needs, met and unmet This fantastic hne up of authors make it a truly world class book -a four-volume educational platform covering the full spectrum of science from discovery to applications. 

It might be noted that it is possible to conduct the exchange between i-BuLi and a primary iodide at temperatures significantly higher than those commonly used in academic research laboratories. A study of the reactions of 1-iodooctane, a representative primary aUcyl iodide, with i-BuLi at 0°C in a variety of solvent systems composed of heptane and various ethers demonstrated that an optimal ether-heptane ratio, which varied for each of the ethers studied, was found to maximize the extent of lithium-iodine exchange and minimize side reactions such as coupling and elimina-tion.3 Numerous examples of the utility of this general route to primary alkyUithiums may be found elsewhere, " ° and a few additional examples are summarized in Scheme 12.7." ... 

The patented Affymetrix GeneChip is a very powerful and reliable platform, allowing massively parallel analysis. However, this comes at a cost, that is frequently beyond the budget of most academic research laboratories. Home-made arrays have a much lower density of spots and also tend to be less reliable when compared to the stringent controls applied by Affymetrix. They are, however, much cheaper and can be designed specifically for each particular application. As competing companies try to fill the gap for more affordable array platforms, prices will fall and DNA arrays will find increasing use both in academic and in industrial laboratories. 

As MIPS made gradual transition from the academic research laboratory to pharmaceutical application areas, it became essential that the MIPs are designed, both chemically and structurally, in order to optimize its performance for these application. There have been several attempts on the development of generic procedure for MIPs such as combinatorial synthesis/ screening (Batra and Shea, 2003) and Chemometrics (Gholivand et al., 2012) however, the in silico-based computational design has been in prime focus in the past decade. 

The subsequent review should consider if anything could have made the incident worse. For example, in the hypothetical accident, the worker could have been alone, although this was not assumed to be the case. In academic research laboratories, research workers, and especially graduate students, tend to work unusual hours as they try to work around their class schedules to meet deadlines imposed by the framework of timetables, deadlines for submission of theses and dissertations, etc. If the injured person had been alone, the potential for a loss of life would have existed. 

Thermotropic PLC s evolved in academic research laboratories by incorporating known monomeric liquid crystals into polymer chains. From such studies two types of PLC s have been developed 1) side-chain polymers with variable flexibility in the main chain, and 2) semi-flexible linear polymers. In the former the monomeric mesogen appears as a pendant sidechain attached to the main chain by a flex-... 

It is important to note that most reactions using homogeneous catalysts are run in the liquid phase in a batch-wise mode. Especially in academic research laboratories, homogeneous catalysis is attributed to batch reactions using organic solvents. However, in large-scale industrial processes, e.g., carbonyl-ation reactions, oxidations are performed in a continuous mode. 

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