Radio Research Laboratory

In early 1943, American intelligence learned that the Germans were developing their own radar. In response, a new laboratory was established at Harvard to develop radar countermeasures to protect American war planes and ships from radar detection. Although this work began at MTT, the new center was moved to Harvard and called the Radio Research Laboratory. Joining the effort at Harvard in late 1943 was the Stanford University physicist Felix Bloch. Bloch had been at Los Alamos working on the bomb, but he did not like the military atmosphere at Los Alamos, where mail was routinely opened and surveillance was part of everyday Hfe. 

Radio Research Laboratory, Very High-Frequency Techniques, Harvard University, Boston Technical Publishers, Boston, 1965. 

Very High Frequency Techniques. Radio Research Laboratory, Harvard Univ. Press, Boston, MA. 

In 1948 William Bradford Shockley (1910-1989), who is considered the inventor of the transistor, and his associates at Bell Research Laboratories, Walter Houser Brattain (1902-1987) and John Bardeen (1908-1991), discovered that a crystal of germanium could act as a semiconductor of electricity. This unique property of germanium indicated to them that it could be used as both a rectifier and an amplifier to replace the old glass vacuum tubes in radios. Their friend John Robinson Pierce (1910-2002) gave this new solid-state device the name transistor, since the device had to overcome some resistance when a current of electricity passed through it. Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen all shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. 

These are now probably the most widely used methods in kinetic and mechanistic studies, and include a wide range of spectral frequencies radio frequencies (NMR, ESR), IR and UV-vis. Appropriate instrumentation which is easily adapted for kinetics is readily available in most research laboratories it is usually easy to use, and the output easily interpreted. Spectrophotometric methods are also widely used for the determination of equilibrium constants [25]. However, before deciding upon a spectrophotometric technique, the following experimental aspects must be considered carefully. 

Dr. Seymour s personal qualities are not confined to the formal classroom, it is found in the research laboratory, in the industrial laboratory, in the continuing education of professional chemists and secondary chemistry teachers, in presenting chemical education through radio and television programs, and in his participation in educational activities of the ACS and other professional organizations (such as American Institute of Chemists, American Institute of Chemical Engineers since 1945,... 

For radio-tracer work in common non-nuclear research laboratories, some g ieral rules can be recommraded (see also next section). Spills may result in increase in the radiation background. They may not constitute a hazard to the workers, but may ruin the scientific experiments if not cleaned up immediately. In all work with radionuclides, radioactive waste is produced. It is common practice to collect all such waste in special containers, and to dispose of it according to national rules. For short lived radionuclides of low hazard and low levels of radioactivity (e.g. as in C-work), it is common practice to dispose of such waste by normal flushing to the sewer with several liters of tap water if such procedures are permitted by the national radiation protection organizations. 

New radiopharmaceuticals are reviewed by Radioactive Drug Research Committees at universities or research laboratories. In 2003, there were 284 such research studies in the United States involving 2,797 human subjects and >120 different radioactive molecules. Efforts are being made to simplify toxicity studies. Radiotracers are often radio-labeled natural body constituents, administered in micromolar or millimolar quantities, far less than one hundredth of the toxic dose. 

The development and applications of quartz plate TSM resonators is a venerable field in electrical engineering. In the early 1920s the National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) began studies of quartz-crystal oscillators as frequency standards [5]. To meet the growing demand for better accuracy, MBS sought outside partners, and began collaboration on oscillators with the Naval Research Laboratory and Bell Telephone Laboratories. In 1929, Bell Labs delivered four complete temperature-controlled 100 kHz oscillators to NBS, and these oscillators quickly became the national primary standard of radio fi equency. By 1952 the NBS laboratory had a large number of oscillators, and the measurement imcertainty had been reduced to about 2 parts in 10. ... 

Many astronomers work in academic settings as college professors. These positions always require advanced degrees. Astronomers often use many resources to study the heavens, including radio astronomy. However, technicians work direcdy with radio telescopes, either in construction or operation of the instruments. Therefore, technicians typically are employed directly by the radio telescope operators. A few private research laboratories or universities operate radio telescopes however, most are operated by government laboratories or government-funded laboratories. There are comparatively... 

Zworykin received a scholarship and went to study X-rays at the College de France in Paris in the laboratory of a French theoretical physicist Paul Langevin, who was nominated for the Nobel Prize 25 times between 1910 to 1946. After the Russian Revolution, Zworykin emigrated to the United States in 1919, where he first worked at the Westinghouse laboratory in Pittsburgh on the development of radio tubes and photocells. In that period he defended his thesis on photoelectric cells and earned his Ph.D. in Physics at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. But his main attention was devoted to the development of television and he patented the iconoscope in 1923 - the first of 120 patents. A little bit later he patented the kinescope, too. In 1929 he was appointed the new director of the Electronic Research Laboratory for the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in Camden, New Jersey. In the same year, at a convention of radio engineers, Zworykin demonstrated the newly developed television receiver with the kinescope and applied for the first patent in color television. 

The first successful measurements of thermal emission from the planets were made in 1956 at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D. C. C. H. Mayer, T. R McCullough, and R. M. Sloanaker scanned Venus, Mars, and Jupiter with a 15-m parabolic antenna equipped with a new 3-cm-wavelength radio receiver. They detected weak thermal emission from these three planets when each was observed at its closest distance to the Earth. 

In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Lenard et al. in Germany carried out systematic research on phosphors. They prepared phosphors based on alkaline earth sulfides and selenides, and also on ZnS, and studied their luminescence. In these studies, they laid down the fundamentals of phosphor research.6 Other significant contributions included those of H. W. Leverenz and colleagues at the Radio Corporation of America (RCA)1 laboratories who investigated many phosphors for use in television tubes which led to detailed work being carried out on ZnS-type phosphors.7... 

This assay method (RIPA) is used primarily in research. It is too technically demanding for routine use in clinical laboratories. HIV is cultured in radio-labeled cells, or viral proteins are directly labeled with a radioisotope. The virus is disrupted and then exposed to the test specimen. Specific antigen-antibody complexes are concentrated and isolated by immunoprecipitation. After exten-... 

Abstract In this chapter we review recent advances in our understanding of the chemical and isotopic evolution of protoplanetary disks and the solar nebula. Current observational and meteoritic constraints on physical conditions and chemical composition of gas and dust in these systems are presented. A variety of chemical and photochemical processes that occur in planet-forming zones and beyond, both in the gas phase and on grain surfaces, are overviewed. The discussion is based upon radio-interferometric, meteoritic, space-borne, and laboratory-based observations, measurements and theories. Linkage between cosmochemical and astrochemical data are presented, and interesting research puzzles are discussed. 

The location of an observed molecular radio transition in its energy level scheme and its measured interstellar intensity contain important information concerning the physical state of the molecular cloud in which the transition is observed. It will therefore be an important task for future interstellar molecular research to observe and measure as many transitions of any one molecule in any one particular cloud. Doppler shifts, i.e. the difference in frequency between the rest frequency (known from laboratory measurements) and the observed interstellar line frequencies, provide information on the large scale motion of the molecular clouds while the linewidths indicate the turbulence within the clouds. 

Linear hydrocarbon radicals have been the subject of intensive laboratory spectroscopic and radio-astronomical research since the early 1980s. In recent years, a considerable number of rotational spectroscopic studies of medium to longer hydrocarbon chains such as C5H, CeH, CgH, and ChH have been carried out using a pulsed molecular beam FTMW spectrometer. The high resolution offered by such a spectrometer allowed the detection of the hyperfine sphtting of rotational transitions. These measurements improved fine and hyperfine coupling constants and provided rest frequencies with accuracies better than 0.30 km s in equivalent radial velocity up to 50 GHz. Indeed, some of the small C H radicals with n < 9 have subsequently been detected in space, in molecular cloud cores, and in certain circumstellar shells. These hydrocarbon chains are among the most abundant reactive space molecules known. 

In summary, the past four years have witnessed a virtual revolution in the technology of stratospheric free radical and trace specie detection techniques. Sensitivities unparalleled even in the laboratory are now becoming available. Of equal importance, there is now a manifold of totally independent techniques extending from the far vacuum ultraviolet to the radio region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This research will lock down the vertical concentration of the major free radicals within the next five years — placing our understanding of the stratospheric ozone layer on a profoundly more satisfactory foundation. 

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