Hyaluronane

Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-gluco)-o-glucuronoglycan (hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan)... 

Fig. 27.—Schematic drawing of a hyaluronan segment. Each disaccharide repeat has the potential to participate in four hydrogen bonds, 1 and 2 across the (1— 4). an< 3 and 4 across the (1— 3)-linkage.

Chitoohgomers act as templates for hyaluronan synthesis. Hyaluronan has been shown to promote cell motility, adhesion and prohferation, and... 

Enhanced availability of exogenous glucosamine is beneficial for the synthesis of hyaluronan because endogenous glucosamine is insufficient to achieve the high concentration of UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine necessary to... 

The biological significance of chitosan biomaterials in the hiunan body depends largely on the actions that certain hydrolases exert on them. The resulting chitoohgomers stimulate various cells, while the released monomers are phosphorylated and incorporated into hyaluronan, keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate, components of the intracellular matrix and connective tissue [348]. 

Table 3 Refractive index increment and partial specific volume of hyaluronan (M 10 g/mol) determined at different salt concentrations (from [28])...

PolyDOX Doxorubicin-loaded hyaluronan-h/oc -poly( y-benzyl glutamate) vesicle PSar Poly(sarcosine)... 

Fig. 4 Polypeptide hybrid vesicle that was used to load DOX. (a) Representation of the hyaluronan-h-poly(y-benzyl glutamate) vesicle. Adapted from [50] with permission. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society, (b) Tumor regression data after administration of free DOX and DOX-loaded hyaluronan-h-poly(y-benzyl glutamate) vesicles (PolyDOX). Reprinted from [80] with permission. Copyright 2010 Elsevier...

Upadhyay KK, Bhatt AN, Mishra AK, Dwarakanath BS, Jain S, Schatz C, Le Meins JE, Earooque A, Chandraiah G, Jain AK, Misra A, Lecommandoux S (2010) The intracellular drug delivery and anti tumor activity of doxorubicin loaded poly(y-benzyl L-glutamate)-b-hyaluronan polymersomes. Biomaterials 31(10) 2882... 

We prepared a phenol-containing hyaluronan derivative, which was inter-molecularly coupled by HRP to yield a crosslinked hydrogel (Scheme 27). The sequenhal injection of this hyaluronan derivative and peroxidase formed... 

Intraarticular injection of corticosteroids or hyaluronan represents an alternative to oral agents for the treatment of joint pain.2S These modalities usually are reserved for patients unresponsive to other treatments because of the relative invasiveness of intraarticular injections compared with oral drugs, the small risk of infection, and the cost of the procedure. 

Pain and joint function have been evaluated frequently in clinical trials administering hyaluronan to patients with OA. Results are conflicting, with some suggesting dramatic improvements and others indicating no effect. In one controlled trial, hyaluronan injections relieved pain to a similar extent as oral NSAIDs.29 Hyaluronan provides greater pain relief for a longer time than intraarticular corticosteroids, but corticosteroids work more rapidly.29... 

Several formulations of hyaluronan are available for the treatment of knee pain in patients with OA who are unresponsive to other measures. Administration typically consists of... 

T. C. Laurent, The Chemistry, Biology and Medical Application of Hyaluronan and Its Derivatives. Portland Press, London, 1998. 

The methylated derivatives served as the basis of elegant studies in which Jeanloz and his colleagues unequivocally established the structure of hyaluronan, dermatan sulfate, and the chondroitin sulfates. They also clarified many confusing issues, including the position of the sulfate groups in these polymers. In the course of this work, they proved that dermatan sulfate contained L-iduronic acid, a sugar not known before to occur in nature. 

Homof M, de la FM, Hallikainen M, Tammi RH, Urtti A (2008) Low molecular weight hyaluronan shielding of DNA/PEI polyplexes facilitates CD44 receptor mediated uptake in human corneal epithelial cells. J Gene Med 10 70-80... 

In an attempt to mimic the physiological ratio of collagen type II to hyaluronan in the healthy human NP, Calderon et al. constructed hydrogels scaffolds composed of these two elements in a 9 1 (w/w) ratio [104]. Scaffolds were crosslinked with various concentrations of EDC/NHS, but it was found that 8 mM EDC/NHS resulted in a confined compressive modulus on the order of the native NP, while allowing for optimal rat mesenchymal stem cell (rMSC) viability and proliferation. Additionally, real time PCR results from rMSCs seeded on the scaffolds for 21 days indicated that the scaffolds promoted increased aggrecan expression and inhibited collagen type I expression compared to rMSCs cultured on monolayers. 

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