Chondroitin sulphates

The biological significance of chitosan biomaterials in the hiunan body depends largely on the actions that certain hydrolases exert on them. The resulting chitoohgomers stimulate various cells, while the released monomers are phosphorylated and incorporated into hyaluronan, keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate, components of the intracellular matrix and connective tissue [348]. 

The phosphate esters and, to lesser extent, the sulphate esters of monosaccharides are very important naturally occurring derivatives. Metabolism of carbohydrates involves the formation and interconversion of a succession of monosaccharides and their phosphate esters of which glucose-1-phosphate and fruc-tose-6-phosphate are important examples. The sulphate esters of monosaccharides or their derivatives (usually esterified at carbon 6) are found in several polysaccharides, notably chondroitin sulphate, which is a constituent of connective tissues. 

An alternative efficient approach to disperse CNTs relies on the use of synthetic peptides. Peptides were designed to coat and solubilise the CNTs by exploiting a noncovalent interaction between the hydrophobic face of amphiphilic helical peptides and the graphitic surface of CNTs (Dieckmann et al., 2003 Zoibas et al., 2004 Dalton et al., 2004 Arnold et al., 2005). Peptides showed also selective affinity for CNTs and therefore may provide them with specifically labelled chemical handles (Wang et al., 2003). Other biomolecules, such as Gum Arabic (GA) (Bandyopadhyaya et al., 2002), salmon sperm DNA, chondroitin sulphate sodium salt and chitosan (Zhang et al., 2004 Moulton et al., 2005), were selected as surfactants to disperse CNTs (Scheme 2.1). 

Pieper, J. S., Oosterhof, A., Dijkstra, P. J., Veerkamp, J. H., and van Kuppevelt, T. H. (1999). Preparation and characterization of porous crosslinked collagenous matrices containing bioavailable chondroitin sulphate. Biomaterials 20, 847-858. 

Herring, G. M. Methods for the study of the glycoproteins and proteoglycans of bone using bacterial collagenase. Determination of bone sialoprotein and chondroitin sulphate. Calc. Tiss. Res. 24, 29 (1977)... 

Herring, G. M. Studies on the protein-bound chondroitin sulphate of bovine cortical bone. Biochem. J. 107, 41 (1968)... 

Kielty, C. M., Whittaker, S. P., and Shutdeworth, C. A. (1996). Fibrillin Evidence that chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans are components of microfibrils and associate with newly synthesised monomers. FEBS Lett. 386, 169-173. 

The final Klebsiella polysaccharide that will be mentioned specifically is KZS, whose chemical structure was determined by Niemann et al (24) (Figure 30). This polysaccharide is of particular interesT because its backbone consists of a similar alternating 1, 3 diequatorial, 1, 4 diequatorial glycosidic linkage geometry to that found in the connective tissue polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate (25). All these three polysaccharides have exhibited 3-fold helical conformations with axially projected chemical repeats in the range 0.95 - 0.97 nm which is comparable to 0.97 nm found in K25 which also forms a 3-fold helix (14). Further, left-handed helices were found to be more favourable in K25 as has previously been observed in the connective tissue polysaccharides. The similarities between these various different structures is apparent in Figure 31 which shows projections down the axis of K25 and several of the connective tissue polysaccharides. 

B) chondroitin sulphate and gelatin-coated stent with paclitaxel ... 

E) chondroitin-sulphate and gelatin stent containing 20.2 xg of paclitaxel and (F) chondroitin-sulphate and gelatin stent containing 42.0 xg of paclitaxel. Movat pentochrome stain Scale... 

Chemical Name Suleparoid sodium salt (ap. 84%), mixture with dermatan sulphate sodium (ap. 12%) and chondroitin sulphate sodium (ap. 4%)... 

Turley, E.A. and Roth, S., Interactions between the carbohydrate chains of hyaluronate and chondroitin sulphate, Nature, 283, 268, 1980. 

O-linked glycoside chain with chondroitin sulphate -11.7 kDa... 

Smedsrod B, Malmgren M, Ericsson J, Laurent TC. Morphological studies on endocytosis of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan by rat liver endothelial cells. Cell Tiss Res 1988 253 39-45. 

Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Brown GM, Bayliss MT, Nieduszyn-ski lA. Age-related changes in the sulphation of the chondroitin sulphate linkage region from human articular cartilage aggrecan. Biochem. J. 2001 358(2) 523-528. 87. 

Other SO types and selectivity principles used in CE are related to polysaccharides (e.g. heparin, chondroitin sulphate, dextrin, etc.) (reviewed by Nishi 475 ). chiral crown-ethers, e.g. 18-crown-6 tetracarboxylic acid 293,476 and chiral metal complexes (ligand-exchange electrophoresis) 477. ... 

A2. Adams, J. B., Effect of chondroitin on the uptake of radioactive sulphate into chondroitin sulphate. Biochim. Biophys, Acta 32, 559-561 (1959). 

These proteins are composed of simple proteins in combination with carbohydrates like mucopolysaccharides, which include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphates. On hydrolysis, mucopolysaccharides yield more than 4% of amino-sugars, hexosamine and uronic acid e.g., ovomucoid from egg white. Soluble mucoproteins are neither readily denatured by heat nor easily precipitated by common protein precipitants like trichloroacetic acid or picric acid. The term glycoproteins is restricted to those proteins that contain small amounts of carbohydrate usually less than 4% hexosamine. 

Chondroitin sulphate backbone Heparan sulphate backbone... 

Lips, K., Stichel, C. C., and Muller, H.-W., Restricted appearance of tenascin and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans after transection and sprouting of adult rat post-commissural fornix, J. Neurocytol., 24, 449, 1995. 

Levine, J. M., Increased expression of the NG2 chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan after brain injury, J. Neumsci., 14, 4716, 1994. 

---