Healthy human

Toxicity. Sugar alcohols are classified as relatively harmless. Acute oral toxicity values in mice for mannitol and sorbitol (5) are given in Table 4. The acute oral LD q value for xyUtol in mice is 25.7 g/kg (205). Ingestion of 10 g/d of either mannitol or sorbitol by a normal human subject for one month resulted in no untoward effects (206). XyUtol given to healthy humans for 21 d in increasing doses up to 75 g/d produced no adverse effects (207). The limiting dose of xyUtol for production of diarrhea in humans is 20—30 g (4), but tolerance usually develops on continued adrninistration (207). 

In the tissues of animals, most thiamine is found as its phosphorylated esteis (4—6) and is piedominandy bound to enzymes as the pyrophosphate (5), the active coen2yme form. As expected for a factor involved in carbohydrate metaboHsm, the highest concentrations ate generally found in organs with high activity, such as the heart, kidney, Hver, and brain. In humans this typically amounts to 1—8 p.g/g of wet tissue, with lesser amounts in the skeletal muscles (35). A typical healthy human body may contain about 30 mg of thiamine in all forms, about 40—50% of this being in the muscles owing to their bulk. Almost no excess is stored. Normal human blood contains about 90 ng/mL, mostly in the ted cells and leukocytes. A value below 40 ng/mL is considered indicative of a possible deficiency. Amounts and proportions in the tissues of other animal species vary widely (31,35). 

Using dose-response information from homogeneous animal populations or healthy human populations to predict the effects likely to be observed in the general population consisting of individuals with a wide range of sensitivities... 

Truces of man inese are found in many plants and bacteria, and [Pg.1061]

Wakui, H., Itoh, H., Tashima, Y., Kobayasyi, R., Nakamoto, Y., Miura, A.B. (1991). Specific antibodies against the stress inducible 72 kD protein, a member of the heat shock protein hsp70, in healthy human subjects. Inti. J. Biochem. 23,975-978. 

Bolla KI, McCann UD, Ricaurte GA Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA ( ecstasy ) users. Neurology 51 1532—1537, 1998 Borgen L, Lane E, Lai A Xyrem (sodium oxybate) a study of dose proportionality in healthy human subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 40 1053, 2000 Borgen LA, Okerholm R, Morrison D, et al The influence of gender and food on the pharmacokinetics of sodium oxybate oral solution in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 43 59-65, 2003... 

Healthy humans do not suffer these ailments, because blood pH is tightly regulated by a pair of reactions that involve H2 CO3 and HCO3. Hydronium ions that enter the bloodstream react with hydrogen carbonate, and hydroxide anions react with carbonic acid. These reactions work together to maintain the pH of blood at HC03 + H3 0+ H2 CO3 + H2 O... 

A study using skin samples from healthy humans revealed that trichloroethylene extracts lipids from the stratum comeum (Goldsmith et al. 1988). The study indicates that lipid extraction is the reason for whitened skin following exposure to solvents such as trichloroethylene. 

SETCHELL K D R, BROWN N M, DESAI P, ZIMMER-NECHEMIAS L, WOLFE B E, BRASHEAR W T, KIRSCHNER A s, CASSIDY A and HEUBI J E (2001) BioavailabUity of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements. JNutr 131, 1362S-75S. 

Frank, T. et al., Urinary pharmacokinetics of betalains following consumption of red beet juice in healthy humans, Pharmacol. Res., 52, 290, 2005. 

Tesoriere, L. et al.. Supplementation with cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit decreases oxidative stress in healthy humans a comparative smdy with vitamin C, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 80, 391, 2004. 

In a 20-week multicenter intervention trial with lutein in healthy human subjects, no changes were noted in hematological or biochemical parameters after continuous daily lutein doses of 15 mg (0.25 mg/kg body weight, assuming a body weight of 60 kg). A relatively large number of human studies have examined correlations between macular degeneration and dietary intake of lutein or zeaxanthin, intakes via dietary supplements, and serum concentrations. 

Serum Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in humans (and other mammals) with a concentration of about 600 p,M in healthy humans. Around 80-90% of the extracellular gold in the circulation is bound to albumin and about... 

Selley et al. (1992) have recently employed gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection to determine levels of the cytotoxic monounsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxy-/7 t-2-nonenal in the blood plasma of healthy human subjects, and patients with rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. Intriguingly, this lipid peroxidation end-product is present at a concentration ofc. lx 10 mol/dm in healthy and osteoarthritic human plasma samples (but significantly elevated in those collected from rheumatoid arthritis patients). Although at least some of this could originate from the oxidative degradation of PUFAs invm, there may be a relationship existing between these levels and the frequency of thermally/... 

Bruce, M., Scott, N., Lader, M. and Marks, V., The psychopharmacological and electrophysiological effects of a single dose of caffeine in healthy human subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22, 81-87, 1986. 

BG Petty, RI Whitty, S Liao, HC Krasny, LE Rocco, LG Davis, PS Lietman. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of desciclovir, a prodrug of acyclovir, in healthy human volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31 1317-1322, 1987. 

Rabinowitz MB, Wetherill GW, Kopple JD. 1976. Kinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans. J Clin Invest 58 260-270. 

Jordan, W., et al. (2004). Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in healthy human sleep. Sleep 27, 867-74. 

D., Pharmacokinetics of digoxin and main metabolites/derivatives in healthy humans, Ther. Drug Monit. 1991, 23, 381-401. 

By the end of the small intestine, deposition is almost complete and there is no need for intestinal secretions to aid assimilation. The principal role of the colon is to resorb water and reclaim sodium, which it does very efficiently. In fact, for every 2 L of water entering the colon, the residual water in the stools will be <200 mL. The environment becomes problematic for delivery past the hepatic flexure as the lack of water will restrict dispersion and dissolution. The flow of chyme from the ileum to the colon in healthy human beings is 1-2 L h 1. 

Tricon S, Burdge G C, Kew S, Banerjee T, Russell J J, Jones E L, Grimble R F, Williams C M, Calder P C and Yaqoob P (2004), Effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on immune function in healthy humans , American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80, 1626-1633. 

In an attempt to mimic the physiological ratio of collagen type II to hyaluronan in the healthy human NP, Calderon et al. constructed hydrogels scaffolds composed of these two elements in a 9 1 (w/w) ratio [104]. Scaffolds were crosslinked with various concentrations of EDC/NHS, but it was found that 8 mM EDC/NHS resulted in a confined compressive modulus on the order of the native NP, while allowing for optimal rat mesenchymal stem cell (rMSC) viability and proliferation. Additionally, real time PCR results from rMSCs seeded on the scaffolds for 21 days indicated that the scaffolds promoted increased aggrecan expression and inhibited collagen type I expression compared to rMSCs cultured on monolayers. 

Shindo K, Yamazaki R, Koide K, Fukumura M, Hirai Y Alteration of bile acid metabolism by cimetidine in healthy humans. J Investig Med 1996 44 462-469. 

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