Epstein-Barr virus detection

B24. Brousset, P., Rochaix, P., Chittal, S., Rubie, H., Robert, A., and Delsol, G., High incidence of Epstein—Barr virus detection in Hodgkin s disease and absence of detection in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in children. Histopathology 23, 189—191 (1993). 

Tsai, S.T., Jin, Y.T., Mann, R.B., and Ambinder, R.F. (1998). Epstein-Barr virus detection in nasopharyngeal tissues of patients with suspected nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 82, 1449-1453. 

Immunocytochemical methods were developed to detect specific antibodies in sera from patients affected by different infectious diseases. P3-HR1 cells, which express Epstein-Barr-virus-induced virus capsid antigens (VCA), were used to search for specific human IgM (class M immunoglobulins) to VCA in infectious mononucleosis patients. After treatment of cells with serial dilutions of sera, HRP-conjugated anti-IgM antibody was added and detected with CL substrate [25],... 

Musiani, M., Zerbini, M., Plazzi, M., Gentilomi, G., and LaPlaca, M. (1988) Immunocytochemical detection of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen by a streptavidin-biotin-complex assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26, 1005-1008. 

Bruu, A., R. Hjetland, E. Holter, L. Mortensen, et al. Evaluation of 12 Commercial Tests for Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific and Heterophile Antibodies. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7no. 3 (2000) 451-456. 

Hybridisation can thus be used to produce probes, for example, for the detection of oligonucleotides in chick embryo tissue or of Epstein-Barr viruses (glandular fever) in transplant recipients - by detection of specific RNA strands. DNA dendrimers and corresponding detection devices have meanwhile become commercially available (Genisphere company). Fluorescence-labelled polynucleotide dendrimers have also been used for signal intensification in DNA microchip technology [59]. 

P9. Pinkus, G. S., Lones, M., Shintaku, I. P., and Said, J. W., Immunohistochemical detection of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein in Reed-Sternberg cells and variants of Hodgkin s disease. Mod. Pathol. 7, 454-461 (1994). 

Immune reactions with enzyme-conjugated antibodies The principles of these techniques are illustrated in Fig. 17.1. and resemble the corresponding immunofluorescence methods, though they have somewhat better detectabilities. For example, the nuclear antigen of Epstein Barr virus (EBNA) is detected with the indirect immunoperoxidase technique (Fig. 17.2 Kurstak et al., 1978), whereas with immunofluorescence it can be detected only with the more sensitive anti-complement procedure (Reedman and Klein, 1973 Kurstak et al., 1978). 

Fig, 17.2. Detection of Epstein Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) in B lymphocytes with the indirect anticomplement method (a-d, 0- Cells arrested in metaphase (a,b) revealed that EBNA is linked to chromosomes. The indirect (anti-Ig) method (e) has higher background levels due to Ig or receptors on the membrane. In (f) antiserum was omitted. Dilutions used 1 600 (a, b, c), t 5000 (d), and 1 200 (e). From Kurstak et al., 1978 courtesy Journal of Medical Virology. 

Wu TC, Mann RB, Epstein JI, et al. Abundant expression of EBERl small nuclear RNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A morphologically distinctive target for detection of Epstein-Barr virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded carcinoma specimens. Am J Pathol. 1991 138 1461-1469. 

FIGURE 5.11 Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. (A) Expression of latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1). (B) In situ hybridization studies for EBV encoded small RNAs known as EBER. 

Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Pallesen G. A survey of Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in sporadic non-Hodgkin s lymphomas. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in a subset of peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Am J Pathol. 1992 140(6) 1315-1325. 

Nakamura S, Ueki T, Yao T, et al. Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma. Special reference to its detection by the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization in 99 trrmors, including a morphologic analysis. Cancer. 1994 73 2239-2249. 

Tachikawa N, Goto M, Hoshino Y, et al. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Epstein-Barr virus, and JC virus DNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid in acquired immtmodeficiency syndrome patients with focal central nervous system complications. Intern Med. 1999 38 556-562. 

They also developed a sensor for the detection of herpes viruses [43]. The sensor was used to specifically detect five hiunan herpes viruses, herpes simplex type 1 and 2, viracella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-barr virus. Of the immobilisation procedures tested, protein A was best in terms of reusability, sensitivity and stabihty. Each virus was measured hnearly from 54 to 1 X 10 virions/crystal. The sensor was reusable 18 times and stable for 8 weeks without detectable loss in activity. When apphed to complex human specimen no non-specific effects were observed and the sensor performed identically for each virus as it did in buffer. 

Direct detection of antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus (anti-EBNA) in 1% human serum was carried out using a wavelength-modulated SPR biosensor (sensor setup description in [34,35]). Synthetic peptides were used as receptors and immobihzed on the sensor surface in the form of BSA-peptide conjugates via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions [36]. A sensor calibration curve was established for an anti-EBNA concentration range of... 

Recently, it has been shown that, in many patients with this syndrome, human herpes simplex virus 6 (HSV-6), and/or cytomegalovirus (CMV) and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EB V) DNA can be detected in serum samples during the 3rd or 4th week of the disease (but not before), followed by a rise of antibodies to these herpes viruses (Hashimoto et al. 2003). Thus, similar to HIV infections where T cell activation can also enhance virus production, the drug-induced massive immune stimulation may reactivate these latent lymphotropic herpes-virases, which subsequently replicate and possibly contribute to the chronic course and persistent drug-intolerance in the affected patients. 

Detection of different infectious agents, mainly viruses in tissue sections, cell smears and body fluids such as human papillomavirus (HPV), human herpesviruses including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). ISH can detect latent viral genes and translation activity of infected cells as a criterion for latent infection. 

Detection of Human Herpesviruses Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Herpesvirus 8... 

Jager, M., Prag, N., Mitterer, M. et al. (1996) Pathogenesis of chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection Detection of a virus strain of high rate of lytic replication. Br J Haematol, 95, 626-636. 

Beside these periodontal pathogens, epidemiological studies have shown the potential association between RA and two herpes viruses the Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) and Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV6). In fact, higher levels of antibodies against these two viruses were detected in RA patients, and also in vitro studies demonstrated an abnormal response of RA individuals against EBV in particular. However, despite these observations, it is not clear why the widespread infections by EBV and HHV6 would be able to induce RA only in a small subset of people, as the worldwide prevalence of RA is 0.5—1% of adults in the developed countries. ... 

A wide screening to evaluate the antiviral activity of polysaccharide compormds isolated from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis on different viruses was performed by Rechter et al. [83]. These authors reported the results obtained by using specific assays for the quantification of in-vitro viral replication. The polysaccharide fractions, containing spirulan-like molecules, showed a marked inhibition of human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpesvirus type 6 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. On the contrary, weak or no inhibition was detected for Epstein-Barr virus and influenza A virus [83]. The in-vitro antiviral activity of polysaccharide calcium spirulan produced by Arthrospira platensis (formerly Spirulina platensis) was previously described [84-86]. 

Horak, J., Dincer, C., Bakirci, H., Urban, G., 2014. A disposable dry film photoresist-based microcapillary immunosensor chip for rapid detection of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Sensors and Actuators B Chemical 191, 813-820. 

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