Virus detection

Wilber, J. C., and Urdea, M. S. (1995). Chapter 6. In Molecular methods for virus detection. Quantification of viral nucleic acids using branched DNA signal amplification. (San Diego Academic Press). 

The possibility to use the YI sensor for virus detection was explored by monitoring the interaction between a-HSV-1 gG antibody and HSV-1 virus particles. To this end, channel 1 was coated with protein pA as described in Sect. 10.4.2 followed by the immobilization of a a-HSV-1 gG layer on the sensing surface of channel 1. Channel 4 was used as a reference channel. Finally a solution with HSV-1 virus particles at a concentration of 105 particles/ml was added to channel 1. Figure 10.2 shows the phase change measured between channel 1 and reference channel 4, clearly demonstrating the detection of virus particles by the YI sensor (Fig. 10.15). 

Fig. 10.15 Virus detection test. Sensor signal (phase change) measured between channel 1 and the reference channel for the immobilization of anti HSV 1 glycoprotein G monoclonal antibody layer on the sensing surface of channel 1 (A HSV i gG) and the binding of HSV 1 particles to this layer (A IISV i). Reprinted from Ref. 28 with permission. 2008 American Chemical Society...

This diverse set of biosensing experimental demonstrations illustrates the flexibility of the OFRR device. Nearly any biomolecular recognition event can be detected. The examples illustrated with the previously described experiments include DNA sequence detection and virus detection through surface proteins. Additional biosensing examples for which the OFRR is well-suited include site-specific cleavage, protein-protein interactions, and cell genotype/phenotype identification through receptors. Furthermore, as shown by the theory outlined above, the OFRR can be accurately and precisely quantitative. 

Heparitin sulfate, 4 706 Hepatitis A vaccine, 25 492-493 Hepatitis B vaccine, 25 491 from yeast, 26 487 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 3 135 antiviral therapy, 3 154-159 infection process, 3 153-154 Hepatitis B virus detection, method for, 14 153-154... 

D.A. Kulesh, R.O. Baker, B.M. Loveless, D. Norwood, S.H. Zwiers, E. Mucker, C. Hartmann, R. Herrera, D. Miller, D. Christensen, L.P. Wasieloski Jr., J. Huggins and P.B. Jahrling, Smallpox and pan-orthopox virus detection by real-time 3 -minor groove binder TaqMan assays on the Roche lightcycler and the Cepheid smart cycler platforms, J. Clin. Microbiol., 42 (2004) 601-609. 

Prado T, Silva DM, Guilayn WC, Rose TL, Gaspar AMC, Miagostovich MP (2011) Quantification and molecular characterization of enteric viruses detected in effluents from two hospital wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 45 1287-1297... 

Deviation analysis/corrective action Virus detection and protection... 

Since conventional virus detection methods are not suitable for the detection and identification of single virus particles, one method allowing the anal-... 

B24. Brousset, P., Rochaix, P., Chittal, S., Rubie, H., Robert, A., and Delsol, G., High incidence of Epstein—Barr virus detection in Hodgkin s disease and absence of detection in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in children. Histopathology 23, 189—191 (1993). 

Bronstein I, Olesen CEM. In Wiedbrauk DL, Farkas DH, eds. Molecular Method for Virus Detection. New York Academic, 1995 149. 

Jurinke C, Zoller B, Feucht H, Van den Boom D, Jacob A, Polywka S, Laufs R, Koster H (1998) Application of nested PCR and mass spectrometry for DNA-based virus detection HBV-DNA detected in the majority of isolated anti-HBC positive sera. Genet Anal Biomol Eng 14 97-102... 

This method is normally used to detect specific antigens, and is particularly useful for virus detection. Importantly, this technique exists in two forms (direct and indirect), both of which rely on the adsorption of antibody as opposed to antigen. The technique involves three major components, namely a capture antibody, antigen and secondary enzyme-linked antibody (Figure 10.10). 

There were no written Standard Operating Procedures for virus detection. [FDA 2001]... 

There were no written user standard operating procedures. .. [for] system validation, hardware and software change control, revalidation, user operations, security guidelines, software revision control, virus detection, disaster recovery, and backup and audit trail archival. [FDA 483, 1999]... 

Processes should be established for the distribution of virus protection software and the maintenance of virus detection databases in order to maximize the company s ability to detect and eradicate viruses. 

Fig. 2 Kinetics of vims inactivation during low pH incubation in IgG solutions. Vims was spiked into IgG solutions, before adjusting to pH 7, 4.5, or 4.3, and the solutions were incubated at 5, 20, or 23°C. HBSS was also spiked as a positive control. Aliquots for virus titration were removed immediately after spiking (r = 0 day) and at various times during incubation. IgG solution 1 HIV-1 (A) or PRV (C), IgG solution 2 or 3 HIV-1 (B) or PRV (D), dashed line, no symbol = virus detection limit.

Fig. 4 Kinetics of virus inactivation during pasteurization of 25% albumin. (A) HIV-1, (B) PRV, (C) BVDV, (D) Reo, (E) PPV, and (F) HAV. Virus was spiked into albumin and an aliquot was removed for immediate titration (t = Preheat). Timing of the pasteurization cycle started when the temperature reached 60° C t — Ohr). Unheated albumin and Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) were also spiked and incubated at 5°C, as positive controls. Aliquots for virus titration were removed at various times during pasteurization (closed circles = HBSS, 5°C, closed triangles = 25% albumin, 5°C, closed squares = 25% albumin, 60°C, dashed line, no symbol = virus detection limit).

Fig. 9 Kinetics of non-enveloped virus inactivation during 80°C heat treatment of freeze dried Factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate (A) in the presence of high cake moisture (>0.8% moisture) or (B) in the presence of low cake moisture (<0.8% moisture). Methods were as described in Fig. 8 (gray boxes = logio virus titer, closed circles = % moisture, and dashed line = virus detection limit).

Viruses can attach onto particles in water and survive under extreme conditions. For example, enteric viruses tolerate acid and hepatitis B virus can survive in hot water with a temperature of over 100°C for more than 10 min. The regulations of the US EPA prescribe that in drinking water disiirfection, more than 99.99% virus must be removed/inactivated according to maximum contaminant level (MCL) and the maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) is no virus detected in water. 

---