Antiviral activity in vitro

St Clair MH, Millard J, Rooney J, Tisdale M, Party N, Sadler BM, Blum MR, Painter G (1996) In vitro antiviral activity of 141W94 (VX-478) in combination with other antiretroviral agents. Antiviral Res 29 53-56... 

The retention of potent enzyme inhibition and in vitro antiviral activity in the presence of functionalisation with relatively long hydrophobic chains at C-7 of zanamivir has been exploited in the development of di- and poly-valent structmes carrying zanamivir (reviewed in Sun 2007). Multivalent presentation of drug may... 

Zhu H, Zhang Y, Ye G Li Z, Zhou P, Huang C. (2009) In vivo and in vitro antiviral activities of calycosin-7-O-P-D-glucopyranoside against coxsackie virus B3. Biol Pharm Bull 32 6S-73. 

There are three classes of cyclic peroxides that were found in marine sponges steroidal peroxides, norsesterterpene and norditerpene peroxides, and polykide peroxides many of them were isolated and their relative and absolute stereochemistry was determined. Most of them (even as crude extracts) show exceptional antimicrobial and antifungal propoperties (cf. Section 8.10.3). For example, the norsesterterpene 1,2-dioxides mycaperoxides A and B 222 and 223 (Scheme 63) showed significant cytotoxicity and in vitro antiviral activity. 

Table 3 Chemical Structures, Inhibition Cojistants, and In Vitro Antiviral Activities...

Andreola, M.L., Pileur, F., Calmels, C., Ventura, M., Tarrago-Litvak, L., Toulme, J.J. and Litvak, S. (2001) DNA aptamers selected against the HIV-IRNase H display in vitro antiviral activity. Biochemistry, 40, 10087-10094. 

Parang, K., Wiebe, L. I., Knaus, E. E., Huang, J. S., Tyrrell, D. L., and Csizmadia, F. 1997. In vitro antiviral activities of myristic acid analogs against human immunodeficiency and hepatitis B viruses. Antiviral Res. 34 75-90. 

Many studies have been conducted to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of various SPs. Studies have generally concentrated on synthetic dex-tran sulfates (DSs), pentosan sulfates, clinically used heparins, and seaweed-derived carrageenans. Some reviews reported that sulfated homopolysaccharides are more potent than sulfated heteropolysaccharides [2,3]. In general, polysaccharides exhibiting antiviral potential are highly sulfated [4]. 

Eucka-Sobstel, B.. Zeic. A., Borysiewicz, J., and I )tec. Z., In vitro antiviral activity of Mannich ba.ses derived from 5-bromoisatin and its p-thiosemicarbazone, Acta Pharm. Jiigosi, 4,95. 1974 Chem. Ahstr, 82,25652, 1975. 

Inouye, Y, Tokutake, Y., Yoshida, T. etal. (1993) In vitro antiviral activity of polyoxomolybdates. Mechanism of inhibitory effect of PM-104 [NH4li2H2[Eu4(Mo04)(H20)i6(Mo7024)4]13H20 on human immunodeficiency vims type. Antiviral Research, 20, 317-331. 

Reports on the anti-influenza virus effects of extracts from marine algae from all over the world have been found in the literature [115]. These results show that the blue-green algae (cyanobacterium) are able to produce compounds with anti-influenza activity that may be of potential clinical interest. For example, aqueous and methanolic extracts of cultured cyanobacteria of several genera. Microcystis, Nodularia, Oscillatoria, Scytonema, Lyngbya and Calothrix were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity against the influenza A virus in Madin Darby kidney cells [116,117]. The further analysis of methanolic extracts of cultured strains of genus Microcystis revealed a remarkable antiviral... 

Ooi et al. [55] investigated the in vitro antiviral activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Youngia japonica (L.) DC. against the respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza A virus and HSV-1 by CPE reduction assay. The ethanol extract exhibited antiviral activity against the respiratory syncytial virus in Hep-2 cells, but did not show any activity against the other viruses tested. 

Castanosp ermine has been shown to have in vitro antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [99] and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) [100], which is an opportunistic pathogen in AIDS. Alterations in viral coat glycoproteins in the presence of castanospermine are associated with a loss of infectivity. 6-0-acyl derivatives of castanospermine are more potent inhibitors of HIV growth than the natural product with the 6-O-butyryl-derivative (MDL 28,374) currently in clinical trials for AIDS. The lipophilic nature of the acyl derivative improves uptake by cells but the compound appears to be intracellularly converted to castanospermine [101]. 

Lin, T. S. Synthesis and in vitro antiviral activity of 3 -0-acyl derivatives of 5 -amino-2 -deoxy thymidine potential prodrugs for topical application. J. Pharm. Sci. 1984, 73, 1568-1571. 

Oxanosine, a novel guanosine analogue antibiotic has been phosphorylated according to the Yoshikawa procedure to yield (17) and evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against HIV proliferation. Compound (17) reduced the number of HIV particles in CEM cells to almost the same level as ddl. 

Ribavirin is a purine nucleoside analog exhibiting in vitro antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of DNA and RNA viruses, including clinical efficacy against both influenza A and B virus. 

Aquino R, DeSimone F, Pizza C. Plant metabolites. Structure and in vitro antiviral activity of quinovic acid glycosides from Uncaria tomentosa and Guettarda platypoda. J Nat Prod 1989 52 679-85. 

As a result of the intensive search for antiviral substances from medicinal plants, antiviral activity against HSV was found in extracts from Cedrela tubiflora Bertoni, leaves [79], from Prunella vulgaris L., a perennial plant commonly found in China, the British Isles and Europe [80] and from Trichilia glabra L. leaves [81]. Phytochemical studies indicate that these plants contain anionic PS as active constituents which may inhibit HSV by competing for cell receptors as well as by some unknown mechanisms after the virus has penetrated the cells. Furthermore, the in vitro antiviral activity demonstrated by extracts of the medicinal plant Achyrocline flaccida (Weinm.) D.C. on HSV-1 is exerted early during viral replication, essentially during viral adsorption to host... 

PS from terrestrial plants have also been reported as anti-CMV agents. For example, PS from three plant species, Astragalus brachycentrus D. C., Astragalus echidnaeformis Sirjaev and Sterculia urens Roxb., which are devoid of in vitro antiviral activity, were evaluated in mouse models of murine CMV infections [109], Treatment with the compounds needed to be started one day prior to virus inoculation for maximum protective benefit. Treatments starting after virus inoculation were ineffective. The mannose-specific plant PS from the orchid species Cymbidium hybrid Cym., Epipactis helleborine (L) Crantz. and Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. Svenska are potent and selective inhibitors of human CMV in vitro [110], They presumably interact at the level of virion fusion with the target cell. 

LePage, Cancer Res. 24, [042 (1964). In vitro antiviral activity J. de Rudder, M. Privat de Garilhe, Andmicrob. Ag. 

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