Coconut oil

Coconut oil (Table 1.14) has a very uneven record in terms of its production. This is a consequence of climatic and political instability in the countries where it is produced. Production at 3.4 million tonnes is mainly in the Philippines (43%), Indonesia (23%) and India (13%). The Philippines and Indonesia are the major exporters, while EU-15 and the US are the major importers. Coconut oil is an important lauric oil with significant food and non-food uses. It competes with palmkemel oil as the other major lauric oil. 

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C12H24O, CH3 [CH,]io COOH. Needles, m.p. 44 C, b.p. 225"C/I00mm. A fatty acid occurring as glycerides in milk, spermaceti, laurel oil, coconut oil, palm oil and other vegetable oils. The metal salts are widely used. 

Tnmynstm is obtained from coconut oil and has the molecular formula C45H86O6 On being heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by acidification trimyristin was converted to glycerol and tetradecanoic acid as the only products What is the structure of trimyristin ... 

Most manufacturers sell a portion of their alcohol product on the merchant market, retaining a portion for internal use, typically for the manufacture of plasticizers. Sterling Chemicals linear alcohol of 7, 9, and 11 carbons is all used captively. Plasticizer range linear alcohols derived from natural fats and oils, for instance, octanol and decanol derived from coconut oil and 2-octanol derived from castor oil, are of only minor importance in the marketplace. 

Fats and oils may be synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms in the laboratory (30) or derived from vegetable sources (mainly from nuts, beans, and seeds), animal depot fats, fish, or marine mammals. Oils obtained from other sources differ markedly in their fatty acid distribution. Table 2 shows compositions for a wide variety of oils. One variation in composition is the chain length of the fatty acid. Butterfat, for example, has a fairly high concentration of short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Oils derived from cuphea are also a rich source of capric acid which is considered to be medium in chain length (32). Palm kernel and coconut oils are known as lauric oils because of their high content of C-12 saturated fatty acid (lauric acid). Rapeseed oil, on the other hand, has a fairly high concentration of long-chain (C-20 and C-22) fatty acids. 

Coconut. In 1988, total coconut production was 36,802,000 t, of which 81% was produced in Asia, mainly in Indonesia and the Philippines (157). The coconut is essentiaUy a crop of the lowland tropics (157). On the average, five nuts are required to produce 1 kg of copra, the dried endosperm of the nut. Copra is further processed to obtain coconut oil and copra meal. To produce coconut milk, which is an emulsion of coconut oil and water, grated fresh coconut meat is mixed with hot water and pressed (157). Either poles having an attached sickle-shaped knife or monkeys (158) may be used for harvesting. 

Tallow [61789-97-7] is the fat obtained as a by-product of beef, and to a lesser degree sheep processing, and is the most commonly utilized animal fat in the manufacturing of soaps. The high content of longer chain length fatty acids present in tallow fat necessitates the addition of other oils, such as coconut oil, in order to produce a bar with acceptable performance. 

Coconut oil [8001-31-8] is one of the primary vegetable oils used in the manufacture of soap products. Coconut oil is obtained from the dried fmit (copra) of the coconut palm tree. The fmit is dried either in the sun or over open fires from burning the husks of the fmit, with the oil pressed out of the dried fmit. 

Palm kernel oil [8023-79-8] obtained from the nuts of the palm tree, is another frequently utilized vegetable oil and is somewhat similar in properties and composition to coconut oil (see Table 1). 

Two important widely used sulfonic acids are known as TwitcheU s reagents, or as in Russia, the Petrov catalysts. These reagents are based on benzene or naphthalene ( ) and (12), [3055-92-3] and [82415-39-2] respectively. The materials are typically made by the coupling of an unsaturated fatty acid with benzene or naphthalene in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (128). These sulfonic acids have been used extensively in the hydrolysis of fats and oils, such as beef tallow (129), coconut oil (130,131), fatty methyl esters (132), and various other fats and oils (133—135). TwitcheU reagents have also found use as acidic esterification catalysts (136) and dispersing agents (137). 

Long-chain alcohols, such as are obtained by the hydrogenation of coconut oil, polymerization of ethylene, or the 0x0 process (qv), are sulfated on a large scale with sulfur thoxide or chlorosulfuhc acid to acid sulfates the alkaU salts are commercially important as surface-active agents (see Surfactants). Poly(vinyl alcohol) can be sulfated in pyhdine with chlorosulfuhc acid to the hydrogen sulfate (84). 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

These are blends of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of hydrogenated coconut oil. 

Table 3 gives HLB values of some of the important emulsifiers. The HLB optimum for a given emulsifier varies with the components of the food system. A coconut oil—water emulsion that shows optimum stabiUty with an HLB of 7—9 shows a shift ia requirements for stabiUty upon addition of caseia and electrolytes to an optimum stabiUty usiag an emulsifier having an HLB of 3—5. In addition, the stabiUty of an emulsion can be affected by the chemical nature of the emulsifier. The optimum HLB for an emulsifier ia a given system is iafluenced by the other iagredients as is illustrated for a model synthetic milk system ia Figures 1 and 2. 

The following concentrations in wt % were kept constant hydrogenated coconut oil, 9.5 K HPO 0.1 com symp, 12.4. Water is the primary ingredient, making up the remaining percentage. 

Disclosing waxes include soft paraffins, petrolatums, coconut oil, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and suitable dyes. 

Total includes small amounts of other drying oils, such as safflower oil, consumed by individual consumers, and nondrying oils, such as castor oil and coconut oil, probably used in making nondrying alkyds presumably does not include dehydrated castor oil. 

The combined soap (CS) is a mix of fatty acids salts (FAS) and different surfactants. The surfactants usually sodium acylisethionats (AIST), which ai e derivates of fatty acids, as a mle, coconut oil or lauric fraction. 

Myristic acid occurs as a glyceride in many vegetable fats and oils, in particular in coconut oil,i its isolation from which involves separation from homologs by fractional distillation of the acids or their esters. The trimyristin obtained from nutmegs 2 (p. 100) or from the seeds of Virola venezuelensis forms the most suitable source. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Coconut butter Coconut oil Copra oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

Although vegetable oils usually contain a higher proportion of nnsatnrated fatty acids than do animal oils and fats, several plant oils are actually high in saturated fats. Palm oil is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids and particularly high in (saturated) palmitic acid (whence the name palmitic). Coconut oil is particularly high in lanric and myristic acids (both saturated) and contains very few nnsatnrated fatty acids. 

Figure 10.9 Cliromatogi ams of foitified coconut oil obtained by using (a) normal-phase HPLC and (b) GPC/noimal-phase HPLC. Peak identification is as follows 1 (a,b), DL-a-toco-pheryl acetate, 2 (b), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 2 (a) and 3 (b), retinyl acetate 3 (a) and 4 (b), tocol 4 (a) and 5 (b), ergocalciferol. Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, 60, J. M. Brown-Thomas et al., Determination of fat-soluble vitamins in oil matrices by multidimensional liigh-peiformance liquid cliromatography , pp. 1929-1933, copyright 1988, with permission from the American Chemical Society.

Terpinyl acetate in the absence of esters of high molecular weight, or ethyl esters of the fatty acids of coconut oil, is indicated by a difference to be observed in the apparent ester value by different times of saponification. This ester is far more resistant to the action of caustic alkali than is linalyl acetate, and requires two hours at least for complete saponification. Hence, if the oil shows a difference in the saponification value in thirty minutes and in two hours, which amounts to more than from 1 to 2, terpinyl acetate is almost certainly present. The following table shows the effect of this partial-saponrfication on the two esters and on adulterated oils —... 

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