The Other Oils

The material balance is consistent with the results obtained by OSA (S2+S4 in g/100 g). For oil A, the coke zone is very narrow and the coke content is very low (Table III). On the contrary, for all the other oils, the coke content reaches higher values such as 4.3 g/ 100 g (oil B), 2.3 g/ioo g (oil C), 2.5 g/ioo g (oil D), 2.4/100 g (oil E). These organic residues have been studied by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis to compare their compositions. The areas of the bands characteristic of C-H bands (3000-2720 cm-1), C=C bands (1820-1500 cm j have been measured. Examples of results are given in Fig. 4 and 5 for oils A and B. An increase of the temperature in the porous medium induces a decrease in the atomic H/C ratio, which is always lower than 1.1, whatever the oil (Table III). Similar values have been obtained in pyrolysis studies (4) Simultaneously to the H/C ratio decrease, the bands characteristics of CH and CH- groups progressively disappear. The absorbance of the aromatic C-n bands also decreases. This reflects the transformation by pyrolysis of the heavy residue into an aromatic product which becomes more and more condensed. Depending on the oxygen consumption at the combustion front, the atomic 0/C ratio may be comprised between 0.1 and 0.3 ... 

The SIN s from castor oil and the other oils were tough materials, either reinforced elastomers or impact resistant plastics depending on their composition and whether phase inversion had occurred. Impact strengths in the range of 40-60 J/m were obtained. The glass transitions of the rubber phase of the SIN s tended to be a little higher than those shown in Table IV. The polystyrene phase... 

It is clear from equation (7) that the addition of a second surfactant results in further decrease in y the essential requirements being a not too small adsorption of the second surfactant. Whether it replaces the first surfactant or is adsorbed in addition to it is immaterial, just as it is not essential for the two surfactants to form a complex. If the two surfactants are of the same type e.g. both water soluble anionic surfactants, they will form mixed micelles and this will lower the activity of the second surfactant added and decrease both its Fand dp. However, if the two surfactants are different in nature, e.g. one predominantly water soluble and the other oil soluble, they will only slightly affect each other s activity and their combined effect on the interfactial tension may be large enough to bring y to zero at finite concentrations. 

Emulsion A dispersed, two-phase system in which one phase is usually water and the other oil. An emulsion in which oil is dispersed in water is termed an oil-in-water emulsion. An emulsion in which water is dispersed in oil is termed a water-in-oil emulsion. 

The main component of all clove oils is eugenol (up to 80%, sometimes more), which is responsible for their odor and antiseptic properties. Other major constituents are eugenyl acetate and caryophyllene [442-449]. Clove bud oil has a higher acetate content and a more delicate odor than the other oils, therefore it is much more expensive. Leaf oil is produced and used in the largest quantities. The composition of clove stem oil resembles that of bud oil but with a lower content of eugenyl acetate. 

Molecular Distillation. The pentane extract from the Athabasca sands and the other oils without any treatment were distilled in an Arthur F. Smith molecular still at pressure ranges of 75-250/ and tem-... 

The chromatogram from the corresponding Lloydminster fraction, Figure 10, is similar to that from the Athabasca but appears to contain considerably more lower molecular weight benzothiophenes, particularly those with four methylene groups represented by peak 2. The Cold Lake fraction, Figure 11, is not well resolved but also shows peaks that match those from the other oils. 

The chromatogram of the corresponding fraction from the Medicine River oil, Figure 12, shows the best peak resolution, and these peaks appear to represent the same benzothiophenes present in the other oils. This is believed to be a thermally mature oil, and it is therefore expected that the alkyl side chains would be reduced to methyl residues. The... 

HDN of oils obtained from the solvent process (0.97 wt% N) and COED (1.73wt% N) has been investigated on CoMo/A1203 catalyst by Ahmed and Crynes 20 the COED oil is more difficult to denitrogenate than the other oils (nitrogen in products respectively 0.39 and 0.66%). 

A chromatogram of crude shale oil with no separative work-up on the 35-ft OV-101 PLOT column is shown in Figure 3. Comparison with the PLOT chromatogram in Figure 2 shows that the resolution of the alkane-alkene pairs is virtually unaffected by the presence of the other oil components. 

Flavor. One of the most important palatability parameters for edible fats and oils users is flavor. Generally, the flavor of an edible oil product should be completely bland, so that it can enhance the food product s flavor rather than contribute its own. Cottonseed oil is well known for its initial bland flavor and the nutty flavor it develops with oxidation. It has been used as the standard for comparison with other oils for both flavor and odor. The nutty flavor developed with oxidation is more pleasant than the oxidized flavor of some of the other oils in the oleic linoleic classifications for example, soybean oil reverts to a painty, green, watermelon type flavor with oxidation. Another major cause of off-flavors in food oils is hydrolysis. The free fatty acids liberated with hydrolysis have a distinct flavor and odor that are more disagreeable when the fatty acid chain length is shorter than 14 carbons. Cottonseed... 

Flavor Stability. The oil ingredient must have the identified degree of resistance to oxidative and lipolytic flavor degradation to maintain a bland flavor and odor throughout the shelf life and use life of the prepared food product. Cottonseed oil reverts to a nutty flavor that is not as objectionable as the reversion flavors of the other oils with high levels of linoleic and oleic fatty acids. 

The specifications for the other oil products have been met by installing hydrotreating and hydrocracking capacity and by applying more active catalysts. More information is presented in chapter 4. 

Denitrogenation for light oils is based on a combination of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and liquid-liquid extraction. Two extraction systems, one oil/water and the other oil/acetonitrile, were used for the denitrogenation of three separate light oils of differing... 

The response to polymer injection at a producer was observed after 46 mg/L PV of polymer was injected, earlier than in the other oil zones (58, 53.6, and 90 mg/L PV for Bei-2-Xl-Xl-Kuai, Bei-3-Xl-Xl-Kuai, and Bei-3-Xl-Dong-Kuai, respectively). 

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