Copra meal

Coconut. In 1988, total coconut production was 36,802,000 t, of which 81% was produced in Asia, mainly in Indonesia and the Philippines (157). The coconut is essentiaUy a crop of the lowland tropics (157). On the average, five nuts are required to produce 1 kg of copra, the dried endosperm of the nut. Copra is further processed to obtain coconut oil and copra meal. To produce coconut milk, which is an emulsion of coconut oil and water, grated fresh coconut meat is mixed with hot water and pressed (157). Either poles having an attached sickle-shaped knife or monkeys (158) may be used for harvesting. 

Namiki. Generation of mannitol from copra meal. J Food Sci 1985 50(3) 757-760. 

The kernel is the origin of the following products coconut oil, desiccated coconut, coconut skim milk, coconut cream, coconut flour, protein powder, and copra meal (see Table 1). 

The sized, cooked, and conditioned flakes are fed to the crushers where a continuous squeezing action extracts the oil. Extraction characteristic follows a smooth diminishing curve with most of the oil drained at the inlet section of the barrel cage and tapers off toward the exit. The resulting copra meal has a typical residual oil content of 7%. 

The characteristic of oil and copra meal from a well-maintained and properly operated expefler are as follows (1) low-colored oil, 8 Red/50 Yellow in the Lovi-bond scale (2) light brown copra meal with 8% maximum residual oil and (3) copra meal with a uniform thickness of approximately 0.6 cm and 6% maximum meal fines. 

Copra meal (cake) from the filter press is pelletized, bagged, and despatched to animal feed millers. 

Solvent Extraction. This operation supplements mechanical extraction and consequently minimizes residual oil in the copra meal. 

Table 8 gives world oilseed production data and includes copra. Table 9 gives world vegetable oils production and includes coconut oil. Copra meal production data are included in Table 10. 

There are problems associated with the use of copra cake in feed. As the amount of cake in the feed increases, its palatabihty decreases. Copra meal tends to be less digestible than fresh coconut meal. Despite a protein content of greater than 20%, the addition of methionine and lysine improves growth and feed utilization. The method of oil extraction does not appear to influence the quality of meal produced. Neither expeller-extracted nor solvent-extracted copra meal, at levels of 10-14% in poultry diets, caused any difference in egg production, mortahty, or efficiency of feed conversion (61). 

Full fat rapeseed, full fat sunflower, full fat cottonseed, copra meal, palm kernel meal and cottonseed meal... 

Aflatoxins in coconut, copra, and copra meal - TLC method... 

Copra. This is the dried meat of the coconut from which the oil is to be extracted, yielding coconut oil and coconut meal or copra meal. The oil is generally extracted by either (a) continuous mechanical screw presses, or (b) hydraulic... 

Enzyme assisted extraetion of coconut oil is an eco-friendly process based on isolation of coconut oil and proteins in an emulsion. Copra meal prepared by eutting eopra and passing through a 1 mm mesh or grated fresh coconut kernels is mixed with water and the mixture is treated with enzymes. The enzymes can be crude mixtures of protease, eellulase, hemicellulase and amylase enzymes. The presence of enzymes facilitates oil reeovery by breaking cell walls and oil bodies. The oil recovery can vary from 80-98%. A single enzyme is not sufficient to break the insoluble cell wall materials to release oil (Rosenthal et al., 1996). 

In addition to the separation of coconut oil from a coconut milk emulsion, enzyme treatment can also be used to extract coconut oil from finely divided copra meal. Coconut oil extraction based on the enzymatic action of polygalacturonases, a-amylase and proteases on a diluted coconut paste has been tested (McGlone et al., 1986). After the reaction with enzymes, the mixture gave three phases upon centrifugation. The upper phase contained high quality coconut oil and the middle layer and the lower layer contained water and coconut meal respectively. This process gave a yield of 80%, which is a much higher yield compared to other traditional wet extraction methods. Enzyme assisted extractions have also been used to extract coconut oil from powdered copra. The crude commercial enzyme used in this study contained a-amylase, neutral protease, acid protease, cellulase/hemicellulase, and pectinase. The enzyme treatment in this process can be considered as a pretreatment of copra prior to the oil extraction. The enzyme was added 1% rate of the copra and allowed to stand for 30 min. After enzyme treatment, the meal was extracted by hot water and the emulsion was boiled to evaporate water. This enzyme pretreatment of copra prior to the extraction improved the yield of coconut oil by 50% compared to the same extraction procedure without enzyme... 

Includes rapeseed, fish, copra, and palm kernel meals. 

Formulating a hypothesis It is hypothesized that copra (coconut meal), another complex natural material, is the solid found in the oil and in the centrifuge. 

SYNS COCONUT BUTTER COCONUT MEAL PELLETS, containing 6—13% moisture and no more than 10% residual fat (DOT) COCONUT OIL (FCC) COCONUT PALM OIL COPRA (DOT) COPRA PELLETS (DOT) FREE COCONUT OIL... 

On an industrial scale, the dry process is the traditional method of extracting oil from the coconut (16). This is done by cmshing copra in an expeller, the trade name of the machine patented by V. D. Anderson. The meal (or cake) may be further treated with solvents to extract residual oil. 

The dry process involves mechanical extraction of oil in cmshers or expellers with copra as feedstock (see Figure 3). Mechanical extraction may be supplemented with a second extraction, using solvents, to recover residual oil from the meal. 

A sustained optimum expeller efficiency requires cooking and conditioning of copra flakes to be controlled between 91°C and 93°C under an appropriate residence time to reduce moisture content between 3% and 4%. Flakes conditioned below 91°C with residual moisture above 4% have lower oil yield while flakes conditioned above 93°C with residual moisture below 3% would yield dark-colored oils, charred meal with the consequent disadvantage of poor oil extractability. Screened and settled fines should not exceed 10% of fresh feedstock to prevent the formation of abrasive particles during the cooking/conditioning stage. 

Copra undergoes an accelerated preliminary extraction with a controlled residual oil content of 14-18% in the expeller meal expeller throughput rate is almost doubled. Hexane (bp 68.7°C) is widely used as the solvent for extraction. In an extraction unit that operates on a countercurrent system, the cake is met by oil-rich miscella (hexane + oil) and leaves the extractor as it is rinsed with pure hexane. The solvent-extracted cake has a residual oil content of approximately 3.5%. 

Copra Cake. Copra cake is a by-product of oil extraction from coconut. The dehusked coconut is split and the meat is scraped from the kernel cup and dried. The oil is extracted via expeller or solvent processes from the dried coconut meat copra. This product is available throughout the year, making it a cheap local source of animal feed. The cake is ground to meal for use in feed for poultry, cattle, sheep, and swine. Copra cake can be used as a substitute for hsh meal in swine feed but may cause conshpahon. Germany has been an importer of the majority of the cake produced in the Philippines (61). 

There are four primary reasons why the mechanical extraction process is still selectively used. First, the mechanical extraction process can be furnished in very small scale, as low as 10 tons per day. The capital cost for small mechanical extraction facilities is considerably less than small solvent extraction facilities. In remote locations, freight differential can compensate for higher operating costs and lower yields. Second, there is a niche, high-value market for natural oils that have not been in contact with solvents or chemicals, requiring the use of mechanical extraction. Third, mechanical extraction can create a high bypass protein meal for ruminant animals that sells at a price premium over solvent extracted meal. Finally, mechanical extraction is often considered more reliable than solvent extraction when processing difficult materials (copra and palm kernel) in hot, tropical climates. 

Cereal grains, cereal by-products (wheat milling by-products and gluten feed), legume and oil seeds (pea, lupin, faba bean, full fat rapeseed and full fat sunflower seed), oil seed meals (groundnut, rapeseed, linseed, sunflower, copra, sesame and soybean), dehydrated sugar beet pulp, dehydrated potato, carob and molasses. 

Production of crude coconut oil, copra cake and meal... 

Production of crude coconut oil, copra cake, and meal Real estate and ownership of dwellings Construction Government services... 

C. is the fruit from a tree of the Pacific tropics and the source of copra (the dried meat of the opened nut), which by oil extraction is manufactured into coconut oil and coconut meal. It represents the most important source of lauric oils (- fats and oils). 

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